Feng, Xiaodong_ Xie, Hong-Guang - Applying pharmacogenomics in therapeutics-CRC Press (2016)

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256 Applying Pharmacogenomics in TherapeuticsTABLE 10.4Trace Elements and Gene PolymorphismsTraceElements Gene Polymorphisms Effects DiseaseSelenium GPx1 P198L P198L is correlated to theselenium level.SEPP1 rs13168440 Selenium levels werenegatively associated withPCa risk only among menwith the minor allele.SEP15 rs561104 rs561104 and plasma seleniumlevels had significantinteraction with PCa mortality.MnSOD V to A A/A: high plasma seleniumlevel.Iron CACNA2D3 rs1375515 The G allele: reducedhemoglobin and ferritin.TMPRSS6 A736V Homozygosity for thep.736Val allele wasassociated with lower hepaticiron stores and ferritin levels.HFEA1ATH67D(homologous tohuman H63D)E342 KE264 VBrain iron managementproteins’ expressions werealtered in the H67D mice.Plasma concentrations ofA1AT was negatively relatedto ferritin.Chromium XRCC1 R399Q XRCC1 gene Arg399Glnmutations may becomeprotective biomarkers forhexavalent chromiuminducedDNA damage.Fluorine CTR TaqpolymorphismsThe interactive effect of Fburden and CTR genotypewas significant.Copper ATP7B rs2147363 The ATP7B gene plays a keyrole in controlling bodycopper balance.ADPCaIron deficiencyanemiaSevere liverdamage andhepatocellularcarcinomaNeurodegenerativediseasesIron balancedisordersOccupationalchromiumexposure diseaseThe F bone injuryADPotassiumPotassium is an essential macroelement in human nutrition, playing an importantrole in fluid and electrolyte balance. The secretion of potassium ions in the kidneyis subjected to aldosterone, and, in turn, the body potassium storage capacityis regulated. Excessive aldosterone will cause a huge loss of potassium and magnesiumions through the urine, resulting in lower plasma potassium and higher plasma
Pharmacogenomics and Alternative Medicine257sodium, causing hypertension, whereas with higher potassium and lower sodium,hypotension may occur. CYP17A1 is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamilyand it plays an important role in the synthesis of cortisol and mineralocorticoid.In the GWAS of European populations, researchers have found that the rs11191548SNP locus, which is close to CYP17A1, is associated with hypertension and systolicblood pressure. In a research involving 1101 primary hypertension patients and 1109healthy controls, Li et al. found that rs11191548 SNP was associated with hypertensiononset, and that the C allele was significantly correlated with reduced potassiumlevels in the hypertension patients who used non-renin–angiotensin– aldosterone systemantagonists (−0.093 vs. −0.067, p = 0.003), indicating that the CYP17A1 genepolymorphism may reduce renin activity and plasma potassium levels by changingCYP17A1 activity. 29ChromiumChromium is an essential trace element for the body’s glucose and lipid metabolism.Trivalent chromium ions are beneficial to humans, but hexavalent chromiumions are toxic. Chromium and other metabolism-controlling substances, such ashormones, insulin, and a variety of enzymes and cell genetic materials (DNA andRNA), play a role in physiological functions. The physiological functions of chromiuminclude regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, stabilization of nucleicacids (DNA and RNA), and more. Constant exposure to chromium can cause lungcancer and other occupational diseases. Zheng et al. have studied the relationshipbetween hexavalent chromium ions and nine major DNA repair gene mutations.Using Olive Tail Moments (OTMs), they evaluated the extent of DNA damage andfound that at XRCC1 gene G399A polymorphism, G/G genotype has significantlyhigher OTMs, compared with G/A and A/A type (0.93 vs. 0.73 or 0.5, p = 0.048),suggesting that carriers of the A allele are less susceptible to the damaging effectsof hexavalent chromium than noncarriers (OR = 0.39). XRCC1 gene G399A mutationsmay become protective biomarkers for hexavalent chromium-induced DNAdamage. 30HERBAL MEDICINESHerbal medicines have long been used for a variety of ailments in Asian countriesand have become more popular worldwide over the last two decades. It has beenreported by the WHO that approximately 70% of the global population currently usesmedicinal herbs as CAM. All herbal medicines are actually a combination of potentiallybiologically active compounds that possess various inherent pharmacologicalactivities. Because the metabolism of these compounds usually occurs with the samemechanisms as those of the drug, there is considerable potential for the interactionsbetween herbal components and drugs. Genetic variants in drug- metabolizingenzymes, transporters, and drug targets may affect their activity for different substrates,and thus may influence drug–herb interactions (DHIs) (Table 10.5). The concentrationsof the herbal extract and the drug may determine the degree of DHI, and
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DedicationWe dedicate this book to
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viiiContentsChapter 10 Pharmacogeno
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EditorsXiaodong Feng, PhD, PharmD,
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ContributorsWeiguo Chen, PhDDepartm
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1Concepts inPharmacogenomics andPer
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8Clinical Applicationsof Pharmacoge
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Feng, Xiaodong_ Xie, Hong-Guang - Applying pharmacogenomics in therapeutics-CRC Press (2016)

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