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Book of Extended summaries ISDA Book of Extended summaries ISDA

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International Conference on Reimagining Rainfed Agro-ecosystems: Challenges & Opportunities during 22-24, December 2022 at ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad Resilience through land and water management interventions, water management and governance T1-46 P-1533 Development of Digital Weighing Type Lysimeter to Monitor Soil Water Balance Parameters Ajita Gupta * , R.K. Singh, and Mukesh Kumar ICAR-CIAE, Bhopal (M.P.)-462038 * ajitagupta2012@gmail.com Enhancing water productivity (WP) of different crops by judicious irrigation scheduling is one of the major activities to ensure water saving in the agriculture sector. Scheduling the time and quantity of irrigation water application is primarily governed by crop evapotranspiration. Among various technologies, a lysimeter is generally used for direct measurement of crop evapotranspiration and water balance components. Various lysimeters have been installed by IMD in the agriculture stations of different climatic zones of India for the measurement of crop evapotranspiration. However, these lysimeters are bulky, manual, and need proper maintenance. Also available digital lysimeters are very complex and costly. Only very few studies have been executed in India for the development of weighing lysimeters with a digital measurement system, which is highly precise and accurate at a lower cost. Knowledge of crop evapotranspiration (ET) is important in modeling ET, crop growth simulation, scheduling irrigations, optimizing crop production, and irrigation project planning. The most accurate way to estimate crop water use and develop crop coefficients is with precision weighing lysimeters, which have generally been regarded as the standard against which other measures of ET are compared. A weighing-type lysimeter can measure the amount of water used in evaporation, transpiration, drainage, leaching, and other water-balancing parameters. However, high-precision lysimeters are very expensive and sophisticated. An inexpensive portable weighing lysimeter, which is very sensitive and precise, needs to be fabricated and put into the operations. This project is aimed at developing a weighing-type field lysimeter with digital output for developing judicious irrigation scheduling of different crops. Methodology An IoT-enabled digital weighing type field lysimeter was developed and tested at ICAR- CIAE, Bhopal. The lysimeter was designed as having an area of 1.38 m 2 , it was supported by a 1.5- ton single-point platform load cell. It was powered by two 5-watt solar panels and a 7 Ah battery for continuous power supply. The inner tank of the lysimeter was made in a cylindrical format with dimensions of 750 mm in height, and 450 mm in diameter using a 10-15 mm thick HDPE drum. To facilitate drainage, a 15 cm filter layer was added to the bottom of the lysimeter tank. The top of the tank was then filled with a 60 cm depth of soil. The drainage water was collected at the collector tank available at the bottom of the lysimeter. The collector tank was made using PVC pipe 110 mm in diameter and 45 cm in height. The depth of the water drained 119 | Page

International Conference on Reimagining Rainfed Agro-ecosystems: Challenges & Opportunities during 22-24, December 2022 at ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad through the lysimeter was measured using a waterproof ultrasonic sensor installed at the top of the collector tank. The float switches and a 12-volt mini water pump have been used to empty the collector tank when water reaches a certain limit. Soil moisture sensors and soil temperature sensors (three each) were installed at 20 cm intervals from the top of the lysimeter. The developed lysimeter measures all the soil water balance components at an interval of 6 minutes. ESP8266 microcontroller board has been used to program the logic and also to establish WiFi connectivity. The controller has an LCD display (16×2) to check and examine the working of the lysimeter onsite. The sensor data are stored both in the SD card onsite and on the cloud server using the IoT platform (ThingSpeak). For real-time data monitoring remotely, it incorporates a WiFi-connected digital display unit operated by a Raspberry Pi microcontroller board. Therefore, the developed lysimeter was found to be precise, and its measurements were satisfactory for the study of water balance parameters for irrigation scheduling. Results Developed lysimeter with sensors and power sources The developed lysimeter was calibrated to measure the accuracy of soil moisture sensors, soil temperature sensors, water depth sensors, and load cells. During the testing of the developed lysimeter, the data were recorded in the Thingspeak IoT platform. These sensors were calibrated using standard procedures. During testing, the lysimeter showed high linearity and no hysteresis. The least count/resolution of the developed lysimeter measurement was in the range of 0.1 and 0.25 mm of the depth of water. A total of 20 soil moisture samples of different soil moistures (completely dry to completely saturated) were prepared and the moisture content of these samples was calculated using the gravimetric method as well as using soil moisture sensors. The moisture sensors show high accuracy with an R 2 value of 0.98. A single-point platform load cell was used to measure the change in the weight of the lysimeter tank. The load 120 | Page Resilience through land and water management interventions, water management and governance

International Conference on Reimagining Rainfed Agro-ecosystems: Challenges &<br />

Opportunities during 22-24, December 2022 at ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad<br />

through the lysimeter was measured using a waterpro<strong>of</strong> ultrasonic sensor installed at the top <strong>of</strong><br />

the collector tank. The float switches and a 12-volt mini water pump have been used to empty<br />

the collector tank when water reaches a certain limit. Soil moisture sensors and soil temperature<br />

sensors (three each) were installed at 20 cm intervals from the top <strong>of</strong> the lysimeter. The<br />

developed lysimeter measures all the soil water balance components at an interval <strong>of</strong> 6 minutes.<br />

ESP8266 microcontroller board has been used to program the logic and also to establish WiFi<br />

connectivity. The controller has an LCD display (16×2) to check and examine the working <strong>of</strong><br />

the lysimeter onsite. The sensor data are stored both in the SD card onsite and on the cloud<br />

server using the IoT platform (ThingSpeak). For real-time data monitoring remotely, it<br />

incorporates a WiFi-connected digital display unit operated by a Raspberry Pi microcontroller<br />

board. Therefore, the developed lysimeter was found to be precise, and its measurements were<br />

satisfactory for the study <strong>of</strong> water balance parameters for irrigation scheduling.<br />

Results<br />

Developed lysimeter with sensors and power sources<br />

The developed lysimeter was calibrated to measure the accuracy <strong>of</strong> soil moisture sensors, soil<br />

temperature sensors, water depth sensors, and load cells. During the testing <strong>of</strong> the developed<br />

lysimeter, the data were recorded in the Thingspeak IoT platform. These sensors were<br />

calibrated using standard procedures. During testing, the lysimeter showed high linearity and<br />

no hysteresis. The least count/resolution <strong>of</strong> the developed lysimeter measurement was in the<br />

range <strong>of</strong> 0.1 and 0.25 mm <strong>of</strong> the depth <strong>of</strong> water. A total <strong>of</strong> 20 soil moisture samples <strong>of</strong> different<br />

soil moistures (completely dry to completely saturated) were prepared and the moisture content<br />

<strong>of</strong> these samples was calculated using the gravimetric method as well as using soil moisture<br />

sensors. The moisture sensors show high accuracy with an R 2 value <strong>of</strong> 0.98. A single-point<br />

platform load cell was used to measure the change in the weight <strong>of</strong> the lysimeter tank. The load<br />

120 | Page Resilience through land and water management interventions, water management and governance

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