Theory of Knowledge - Course Companion for Students Marija Uzunova Dang Arvin Singh Uzunov Dang

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languag was also usd in th illustration,Bodyan opn hand, and a stan rvalingshowingand moil lims. Immdiatly toflxilwoman’s right, xprssd in inary, is thth8, twn two lins orrspondingnumrhr hight. This illustratd that sh wasto× 21 ntimtrs tall (21 ntimtrs ing8wavlngth).thhyprfinlins and dashs in th lft half of thThar our osmi addrss, with our sunplaquth ntr and th lins stiking out radiallyinrlativ distans and dirtionsindiatingknown pulsars (rapidly rotating nutrontothat srv as osmi lighthouss), alongstarsthir priods (th intrvals twnwithursts) in inary form. Thltromagntilast signal from the Pioneer 10 spacecraft wasTheon January 22, 2003; NASA reported that thereceivedsource had depleted. Although the spacecraft canpowerlonger speak to us, it presses onward—it now speaksnous. As interstellar courier, it bears the accumulatedforof every human, transcribed in, perhaps, the onlyvoicelanguage in all the cosmos. We are but cosmiccommonjust learning how to take our rst steps intotoddlers10 remains more than just a ghost of a ship, andPioneerplaque is more than a shout into the void … .thefrom such a mission—one that spans space,Bornand perhaps, civilizations—is a new mindset, antime,beings were to emerge, we know not their anatomyIfbiology nor psychology, their physical traits, theirnorqustion of how w an known yThaross tim and spa, is a ommonanothr,among humans. Languagproupationan ssntial doul funtion as aprformsof knowldg as wll as a vhil tostorthat knowldg. In th as of spokntransfrthis an ahivd through anlanguags,Oral Tradition. Writtn languag,unintrruptdof pulsars hangs ovr tim and so thpriodats as a kind of timstamp in th agplaquth univrs. To larify our addrss furthr,ofsolar systm’s plants ar shown in ordr atourottom of th plaqu, with thir distansthth sun in inary. Takn togthr, thisfromats lik a uniqu osmi thumprintinformationour solar systm aus, apparntly, in thofWay, it alon fits ths haratristisMilkyon th plaqu.displaydth vast mptinss of spa, it is xtrmlyGivnthat Pionr 10 will intrptd yunliklyalin intllign. Evn if that nvr happns,anit was rtainly not a wast of tim orhowvr,as it profoundly galvanizd our thinkingffortlanguag and idntity.aoutdisposition; more or less, we are blind to everytheirof their species. They could be dierent in everyaspectways we have yet to understand or couldway—inimagine. We make numerous assumptions aboutevenlife is and what life is not—educated guesseswhato a sample size of one. But if, in some form orbasedadvanced consciousness arises elsewhere inanother,cosmos, it is possible that those beings will wonder,thewe did: What are the lights in the sky? Where did theascome from? What else is out there? Who elseplanetsout there? They may compile a system of knowledgeisthe cosmos and the laws that govern it; we call thisofAbout this hypothetical species, we know but‘science.’thing: the science they develop—the natural lawsonediscover—if they were to do so, would be exactlytheysame as our own. Science speaks to all of us in athelavs a matrial rord sparathowvr,whovr produd it, whih an travlfromand surviv duraly. Blow, wdistansth knottd thrads lft hind yonsidrInas, how and whthr ths prform ththof languag and what thy man infuntionsI. ScopeI. Scopeplaqu ommuniats tim as wll, sin thspace, and just learning how to speak to the universe … .otherworldly perspective. …way nothing ever has … .sensory capabilities, their intellectual sophistication,(Rosenthal 2016)trms of knowldg.89

I. Scopelanguags ar only on spifiHumanof th human and othr-than-humanxamplcondent can we be in our ability to learnHowthe narrative khipus, when they are soaboutdierent from our understandings ofradicallyWe are trained from an earlycommunication?that mathematics and language are twoageworlds. The Incas, however, collapseddiscreteinto a three-dimensional construct—anthemof civilizational complexity in theachievementasn of a writtn Ina languag has longThsholars aus Ina soity hadonfounddth othr faturs—inrdil arhittur,alluranization, govrnan and soialthnology,wr ommon to larg-salsystms—thatin Egypt, China, Msopotamia,ivilizationsand Cntral Amria. Only th InaMxioto lak a writtn languag. Thy usdappardarrangmnt of knottd strings, knownankhipu or quipu, rsmling a fari aaus,asto kp a numrial rord ofprsumalyand dmographi information. Thatrsourshowvr, until sholars ralizd that khipuswas, a form of 3D writing.maygrowing ody of rsarh suspts thatAould hav rordd not just numrskhipusnarrativs of th Ina Empir “inludingutstoris, and vn anint philosophis”nams,Urton 2018). If so, th mthod would(Mdrano,ntirly diffrnt from any known sripts, asusd not symols ut a 3D inary od moritto th languag of omputrs. KhipussimilarIs thr any knowldg that annot 2.through languag, and if sotransfrrdWhat might xampls of knowldg that3.only transfrrd through languag?anth oarsnss of diffrnt animalxampl,and faris usd), spin dirtion, olourhairsth rlativ plamnt and shap of knots.and(th knot makrs, or “writrs”)Khipukamayuqsinformation using ths tools in a systmoddmay hav n rad throughout th mpir.thatif w disount, tmporarily, th possiilityEvnkhipus ontain narrativ information, ththatof ounting in knots is still radial.onpthuman ings larn to ount yModrnpils of physial ojts, suh as toysmakingloks, thn prod to ount with fingrsandthn symols. As Gary Urton nots, thandsymol for 7 dos not intuitivly lookEnglishsvn of anything, ut th khipu odlik7 was a knot mad y wrapping stringforitslf to mak svn loops. With allaroundvarials at thir disposal—txtur, spin,thand knot strutur—Urton stimatsolourth khipukamayuqs had ovr 1500 “words”thatthir “voaulary”—far mor than Sumrianinsigns or Egyptian hiroglyphs.uniform4For reflectionThe role of language in knowledgeaility to ommuniat.what would an xampl?1. Is languag ssntial to knowldg?Box 4.1: Inca writingsform of narrative cords.(Medrano, Urton 2018)Figure 4.2 Khipu knotsommuniat information through txtur (for90

languag was also usd in th illustration,

Body

an opn hand, and a stan rvaling

showing

and moil lims. Immdiatly to

flxil

woman’s right, xprssd in inary, is th

th

8, twn two lins orrsponding

numr

hr hight. This illustratd that sh was

to

× 21 ntimtrs tall (21 ntimtrs ing

8

wavlngth).

thhyprfin

lins and dashs in th lft half of th

Th

ar our osmi addrss, with our sun

plaqu

th ntr and th lins stiking out radially

in

rlativ distans and dirtions

indiating

known pulsars (rapidly rotating nutron

to

that srv as osmi lighthouss), along

stars

thir priods (th intrvals twn

with

ursts) in inary form. Th

ltromagnti

last signal from the Pioneer 10 spacecraft was

The

on January 22, 2003; NASA reported that the

received

source had depleted. Although the spacecraft can

power

longer speak to us, it presses onward—it now speaks

no

us. As interstellar courier, it bears the accumulated

for

of every human, transcribed in, perhaps, the only

voice

language in all the cosmos. We are but cosmic

common

just learning how to take our rst steps into

toddlers

10 remains more than just a ghost of a ship, and

Pioneer

plaque is more than a shout into the void … .

the

from such a mission—one that spans space,

Born

and perhaps, civilizations—is a new mindset, an

time,

beings were to emerge, we know not their anatomy

If

biology nor psychology, their physical traits, their

nor

qustion of how w an known y

Th

aross tim and spa, is a ommon

anothr,

among humans. Languag

proupation

an ssntial doul funtion as a

prforms

of knowldg as wll as a vhil to

stor

that knowldg. In th as of spokn

transfr

this an ahivd through an

languags,

Oral Tradition. Writtn languag,

unintrruptd

of pulsars hangs ovr tim and so th

priod

ats as a kind of timstamp in th ag

plaqu

th univrs. To larify our addrss furthr,

of

solar systm’s plants ar shown in ordr at

our

ottom of th plaqu, with thir distans

th

th sun in inary. Takn togthr, this

from

ats lik a uniqu osmi thumprint

information

our solar systm aus, apparntly, in th

of

Way, it alon fits ths haratristis

Milky

on th plaqu.

displayd

th vast mptinss of spa, it is xtrmly

Givn

that Pionr 10 will intrptd y

unlikly

alin intllign. Evn if that nvr happns,

an

it was rtainly not a wast of tim or

howvr,

as it profoundly galvanizd our thinking

ffort

languag and idntity.

aout

disposition; more or less, we are blind to every

their

of their species. They could be dierent in every

aspect

ways we have yet to understand or could

way—in

imagine. We make numerous assumptions about

even

life is and what life is not—educated guesses

what

o a sample size of one. But if, in some form or

based

advanced consciousness arises elsewhere in

another,

cosmos, it is possible that those beings will wonder,

the

we did: What are the lights in the sky? Where did the

as

come from? What else is out there? Who else

planets

out there? They may compile a system of knowledge

is

the cosmos and the laws that govern it; we call this

of

About this hypothetical species, we know but

‘science.’

thing: the science they develop—the natural laws

one

discover—if they were to do so, would be exactly

they

same as our own. Science speaks to all of us in a

the

lavs a matrial rord sparat

howvr,

whovr produd it, whih an travl

from

and surviv duraly. Blow, w

distans

th knottd thrads lft hind y

onsidr

Inas, how and whthr ths prform th

th

of languag and what thy man in

funtions

I. Scope

I. Scope

plaqu ommuniats tim as wll, sin th

space, and just learning how to speak to the universe … .

otherworldly perspective. …

way nothing ever has … .

sensory capabilities, their intellectual sophistication,

(Rosenthal 2016)

trms of knowldg.

89

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