Theory of Knowledge - Course Companion for Students Marija Uzunova Dang Arvin Singh Uzunov Dang
can do this from outside the profession.Nobodymathematicians can talk to mathematiciansOnlyethics … and we need to begin the process ofabouta community: supporting each other, sharingformingexperiences, best practice, and a vision ofknowledge,we can teach our students.whatmathmatis organizations havProfssionalthial guidlins and ods ofpulishd18 August 2006 th New Yorker magazinOnan artil (linkd hr) that tlls apulishdstory of ontrovrsy in th intrnationalrarommunity. Th ontrovrsymathmatisth Poinaré onjtur, whihonrndwidly aptd to tru, rmaindalthoughfor ovr 100 yars. It is on of svnunprovnPriz Prolms sltd y thMillnniumMathmatis Institut, proofs of whihClayah rwardd with a million-dollar priz.artrms: Th NwSarhManifold dstinyYorkrNovmr 2002 Russian mathmatiianInPrlman pulishd th first pi ofGrigorithr-part proof of th Poinaré onjtur.aah part th xitmnt amongWithgrw that th Poinarémathmatiiansmight finally provn. Prlmanonjturalrady widly rognizd in thwasmathmatis ommunity as anintrnationalgiftd mathmatiian. H wasxptionallyrlusiv and y som aounts ntri.alsooffrs from ovtd aadmiDliningh rturnd to St Ptrsurg,institutions,ak in with his mothr, took up amovdat a loal institut, and thrw himslfpositionhis proof was omplt, h limitdWhny only slf-pulishing it on thpuliityaadmi prati. Th as study lowofon issu of a profssional ontrovrsyxplorsmathmatis. Although not partiular toinAOK, what would om known asthisPrlman affair aquird a distintivthand raisd an important qustion:dimnsionwhat xtnt ar thial issus in mathmatistoto th individuals involvd, traalspifith ultur of th mathmatis ommunity,tognral issus of aadmi prati andorConsidr this qustion as you radmalprati?as study.thand going on a spaking tour of thintrntStats. Byond this, h livd thatUnitdwork should spak for itslf: “[i]f ththis orrt, thn no othr rognition isproof(Prlman quotd in Nassr,ndd”2006).Grurslf-pulishd th proof yPrlmana pr-print to arXiv.org, whih wsumittingin Chaptr 7. It was risky for him toxaminpr-prints; had thr n an rror orpulishin his logi, anyon who ould idntifyfaultfix it ould laim th proof as thir own.orthis was not a onrn for Prlman. “MyButwas: if I mad an rror and somonrasoningmy work to onstrut a orrt proof Iusd plasd”, h said in an intrviw forwouldNew York Times magazin (Nassr, GrurthOn h had rturnd from his US tour,2016).distand himslf from th prossPrlmanvrifying his proof out of th dsir to avoidofit, to th point of not rplying toinfluningManwhil, som of th rightst-mails.in th fild wr usy with a formalmindsof his work. It took thm svralxpliationworking in tams, to losly xaminyars,hk th proof, whih was oth vry rifandth summr of 2006, just as on groupInompltd a manusript analysinghadproof, a 328-pag artil y Huai-Prlman’sCao and Xi-Ping Zhu was pulishd,DongIV. EthicsIV. Ethics(Chiodo, Bursill-Hall 2018)ondut, ut ths typially fous on issusCase studyPure and simpleand vry omplx.at th Poinaré onjtur.taking up a whol issu of th Asian Journal353
IV. EthicsMathematics. Th artil prsntd thirofas “a rowning ahivmnt” andworkfirst omplt and original proof of ththonjtur. Cao and Zhu rognizdPoinaréwork as a stpping ston ut alsoPrlman’sto gaps in his logi that thir artilallgdth nsuing months, a story unfolddInthat th artil y Cao and Zhu hadshowingrushd to puliation, sidstppingnusual hks of th pr-rviw pross.thon of th ntral argumnts in thirWhnturnd out to idntial to prviouspapry mathmatiians Bru Klinr andworkLott, Cao and Zhu rtratd thir artilJohnth journal issud a lttr of apology.andinvolvmnt in this affair of HarvardThShing-Tung Yau, who wasmathmatiianand Zhu’s mntor and ditor-in-hif ofCaojournal that pulishd thir artil, hasthth sujt of muh ontrovrsy. Wasna as of a powrful and stalishdthisrahing protool and usingmathmatiianinflun to upstag an ntri younghisgnius? Or was it mrly anmathmatiallash of gos and rilliant mindsunfortunata high-staks ra?ina lttr to th Amrian MathmatialInJoan Birman, an stmdSoityand profssor, alld thmathmatiian“a vry puli and vry ad lakpisodon th ntir profssion (Birman 2007).mark”mathmatiian, Phillip Griffiths,Anothrthat “politis, powr, and ontrolommntdno lgitimat rol in our ommunity, andhavthratn th intgrity of our fild” (quotdthyAlxandr, 2010).inNew Yorker magazin artil dtailsThstory of why, instad of njoying duthfor his aomplishmnt, Prlmanrognitionth fild of mathmatis in protst ovr thlftthial standards and tolranprofssion’sdishonsty. H also rjtd th prstigiousofMdal, whih was offrd to him at aFildsrmony that h did not attnd in 2006.puli2010, Prlman was finally awardd thInMillnnium Priz, whih h alsomillion-dollarmathmatiian Mikhail Gromov isRussianas saying aout Prlman that “[t]o doquotdwork, you hav to hav a pur mind. Yougratthink only aout th mathmatis. Evrythinganis human waknss. Apting prizs islswaknss” (Gromov quotd in Nassr,showing2006). In light of all th strotyps, mythsGrurprjudis that w sk to ovrturn, thosandand Prlman’s ations ontinu to ringwordsas w los this haptr.poignantly11filld.dlind.354
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IV. Ethics
Mathematics. Th artil prsntd thir
of
as “a rowning ahivmnt” and
work
first omplt and original proof of th
th
onjtur. Cao and Zhu rognizd
Poinaré
work as a stpping ston ut also
Prlman’s
to gaps in his logi that thir artil
allgd
th nsuing months, a story unfoldd
In
that th artil y Cao and Zhu had
showing
rushd to puliation, sidstpping
n
usual hks of th pr-rviw pross.
th
on of th ntral argumnts in thir
Whn
turnd out to idntial to prvious
papr
y mathmatiians Bru Klinr and
work
Lott, Cao and Zhu rtratd thir artil
John
th journal issud a lttr of apology.
and
involvmnt in this affair of Harvard
Th
Shing-Tung Yau, who was
mathmatiian
and Zhu’s mntor and ditor-in-hif of
Cao
journal that pulishd thir artil, has
th
th sujt of muh ontrovrsy. Was
n
a as of a powrful and stalishd
this
rahing protool and using
mathmatiian
influn to upstag an ntri young
his
gnius? Or was it mrly an
mathmatial
lash of gos and rilliant minds
unfortunat
a high-staks ra?
in
a lttr to th Amrian Mathmatial
In
Joan Birman, an stmd
Soity
and profssor, alld th
mathmatiian
“a vry puli and vry ad lak
pisod
on th ntir profssion (Birman 2007).
mark”
mathmatiian, Phillip Griffiths,
Anothr
that “politis, powr, and ontrol
ommntd
no lgitimat rol in our ommunity, and
hav
thratn th intgrity of our fild” (quotd
thy
Alxandr, 2010).
in
New Yorker magazin artil dtails
Th
story of why, instad of njoying du
th
for his aomplishmnt, Prlman
rognition
th fild of mathmatis in protst ovr th
lft
thial standards and tolran
profssion’s
dishonsty. H also rjtd th prstigious
of
Mdal, whih was offrd to him at a
Filds
rmony that h did not attnd in 2006.
puli
2010, Prlman was finally awardd th
In
Millnnium Priz, whih h also
million-dollar
mathmatiian Mikhail Gromov is
Russian
as saying aout Prlman that “[t]o do
quotd
work, you hav to hav a pur mind. You
grat
think only aout th mathmatis. Evrything
an
is human waknss. Apting prizs is
ls
waknss” (Gromov quotd in Nassr,
showing
2006). In light of all th strotyps, myths
Grur
prjudis that w sk to ovrturn, thos
and
and Prlman’s ations ontinu to ring
words
as w los this haptr.
poignantly
11
filld.
dlind.
354
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