Theory of Knowledge - Course Companion for Students Marija Uzunova Dang Arvin Singh Uzunov Dang
terms: GuardianSearchmy PicassoMindon what you know aboutDependingand exclusive art collections,billionairesmight be surprised to learnyoumany famous works of finethatare housed on superyachts,artfloating mansions of thetherich. Some of theseextremelyhave made the newsartworkssurprising reasons, such asforJean-Michel Basquiat paintingawas damaged by breakfastthatafter an unnamedcerealchildren threwbillionaire’sat it “because theycornflakesit was scary” (Mather-thoughtquoted in Neate 2019).Leeswe do not know exactlyWhilepainting it was, a Basquiatwhichof a crazed skull-shapedpaintingsold at auction forfacemillion in 2017. The$110.5crew made the damageyachts’when they tried to wipeworsethe cornflakes.offto Pandora Mather-Accordingan art historian andLees,some of theseconservator,have “bettersuperyachtsthan some nationalcollectionsand the owners “wantmuseums”,of art is a complex topic, andOwnershipcan perform a variety of roles includingownersprotector, benefactor and investor ofsteward,artworks. Part of that complexity issignificantguests come on board” (Mather-Leeswhenin Neate 2019). However, yachts mayquotedless secure than museums and, even if theybenot, private collectors are free to do whatareplease with works of art. A painting by thetheyartist Takashi Murakami, for example,modernreportedly cut into three pieces on thewasof its owner to make it fitrequestto the jet skis at the back of thenextyacht.Mansour bin ZayedSheikhowner of the UK’sal-Nahyan,City Football ClubManchesterof 2020) and Deputy Prime(asof the United ArabMinisteris known to have severalEmirates,works of art on hishundredmillion superyacht Topaz.$440To what extent should access to1.cultural and artistic heritagethehumanity be guaranteed forofeveryone?What is lost when great2.that are privatelyartworksWho should be accountable for3.loss, and to whom?theLoew by Gustav KlimtGertais reportedly held on board the Aviva, a(1902)includes paintings such as Triptych 1974–1977itFrancis Bacon and works by Matisse andbyfor people earning an average incomeexpensiveafford to own the kinds of prized artworkstotrade at auction. Perhaps financial andthatinnovations could partly solve thistechnologicalII. PerspectivesII. PerspectivesFor reflection and discussionSuperyacht art collectionssuperyachtartowned get damaged?Figure 10.6$250 million super yacht owned by the billionaireJoe Lewis. Lewis describes his onboardcollection as one of the largest in the world, andPicasso.to show off their art collectionproblem.the issue of access to ownership, as it can be too293
II. Perspectivesterms: CNN BusinessSearchSingapore Owing aInnovate:Singapore-based start-up is usingAtechnology to enable individualsblockchainbuy “shares” in an artwork. This couldtoartists to maintain partial ownershipallowtheir work, and enable smaller investorsofwould be unable to afford an entirewhoThe shares can be bought and sold bywork.more easily, which may allow theinvestorsto realize the true value of a workmarketefficiently. Fractional ownership enablesmoreto own parts of an artwork just likepeopleof corporations. While this opens uppartsto art ownership, it does not directlyaccessaccess to art in general. In fact, itimproveeven reduce access to art, if the multiplemaycannot agree to display it publicly theyownersdecide to store it in a secure, restrictedmayaway from the public.areacan access art in various ways, as anWeas students, as owners and so on.audience,related concern is access to platforms forAWhich art forms are considered art,artists.specifically good art, valued enough to beandClues to the answer are found atexhibited?do you respond to the phenomenon ofHowthat sells for millions of dollars? Whatartworkwould you use to define the monetarycriteriaand price tag, of art?value,Danto, the philosopher and artArthurchallenged aesthetics and art pricecritic,in his influential 1964 essay “Thevaluationswhich suggested an answer toArtworld”,eternal question of “what is art”. Andythehad just created an exhibition ofWarholBrillo Boxes, which were replicas of ordinaryFor the purpose of knowledge, what kind1.access to art is more important—as anofTo whom should the benefits of the value of2.artwork accrue?anApart from using blockchains, how can3.retain partial ownership of theirartistsof an Artist (Pool with Two Figures)PortraitDavid Hockney broke records in 2018 when it sold forbycomplicated intersection between the arttheand the art market. Below, we considerworldrole of art institutions in deciding art statustheart value, in the context of our presentandmoment, described by some as lateculturalstagecapitalism.cartons of soap, stacked high assupermarketin a warehouse. Interested readers can lookifWarhol’s intentions and explanations ofupexhibition. Here we are concerned withhisinterrogation of this phenomena, ofDanto’sobjects that could be conceived ofordinaryart. He concluded that “what in the endasthe difference between a Brillo boxmakesa work of art consisting of a Brillo boxanda certain theory of art” (Danto 1964). Moreis10For reflection and discussionBitcoin artaudience or as owners?Warholwork?Figure 10.7$90 million. None of the money from that sale went toHockney, as he had sold the original in 1972 for $18,000.Box 10.3: The artworld and the art marketspecifically, Danto argued that art is what294
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II. Perspectives
terms: CNN Business
Search
Singapore Owing a
Innovate:
Singapore-based start-up is using
A
technology to enable individuals
blockchain
buy “shares” in an artwork. This could
to
artists to maintain partial ownership
allow
their work, and enable smaller investors
of
would be unable to afford an entire
who
The shares can be bought and sold by
work.
more easily, which may allow the
investors
to realize the true value of a work
market
efficiently. Fractional ownership enables
more
to own parts of an artwork just like
people
of corporations. While this opens up
parts
to art ownership, it does not directly
access
access to art in general. In fact, it
improve
even reduce access to art, if the multiple
may
cannot agree to display it publicly they
owners
decide to store it in a secure, restricted
may
away from the public.
area
can access art in various ways, as an
We
as students, as owners and so on.
audience,
related concern is access to platforms for
A
Which art forms are considered art,
artists.
specifically good art, valued enough to be
and
Clues to the answer are found at
exhibited?
do you respond to the phenomenon of
How
that sells for millions of dollars? What
artwork
would you use to define the monetary
criteria
and price tag, of art?
value,
Danto, the philosopher and art
Arthur
challenged aesthetics and art price
critic,
in his influential 1964 essay “The
valuations
which suggested an answer to
Artworld”,
eternal question of “what is art”. Andy
the
had just created an exhibition of
Warhol
Brillo Boxes, which were replicas of ordinary
For the purpose of knowledge, what kind
1.
access to art is more important—as an
of
To whom should the benefits of the value of
2.
artwork accrue?
an
Apart from using blockchains, how can
3.
retain partial ownership of their
artists
of an Artist (Pool with Two Figures)
Portrait
David Hockney broke records in 2018 when it sold for
by
complicated intersection between the art
the
and the art market. Below, we consider
world
role of art institutions in deciding art status
the
art value, in the context of our present
and
moment, described by some as late
cultural
stagecapitalism.
cartons of soap, stacked high as
supermarket
in a warehouse. Interested readers can look
if
Warhol’s intentions and explanations of
up
exhibition. Here we are concerned with
his
interrogation of this phenomena, of
Danto’s
objects that could be conceived of
ordinary
art. He concluded that “what in the end
as
the difference between a Brillo box
makes
a work of art consisting of a Brillo box
and
a certain theory of art” (Danto 1964). More
is
10
For reflection and discussion
Bitcoin art
audience or as owners?
Warhol
work?
Figure 10.7
$90 million. None of the money from that sale went to
Hockney, as he had sold the original in 1972 for $18,000.
Box 10.3: The artworld and the art market
specifically, Danto argued that art is what
294