Theory of Knowledge - Course Companion for Students Marija Uzunova Dang Arvin Singh Uzunov Dang

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time had come, van Meegeren felt, to“Thehimself on his critics. He devised arevengeto paint a perfect Vermeer—neither aplannor a pastiche, but an original work—copy,when it had been authenticated byand,art experts, acquired by a majorleadingexhibited and acclaimed, he wouldmuseum,his hoax to the world.announcefirst step was concocting an ingeniousHisof pigments that ‘would pass themixturetests which any genuine 17th-centuryfivemust pass’. Now he had only topaintingSupper at Emmaus was unlike anyTheVermeer painting. Vanacknowledgedtrue to his perversely moralMeegeren,painted it in his own style, addingscheme,subtle allusions to works by the Dutchonlybefore signing it with the requisitemaster,He had it submitted to Abrahamflourish.the most eminent authority onBredius,consider how objectivity complicatesLet’sstory and the field of art more generally.thisWhat does it mean to say that a piece of1.is objectively good or objectively bad?art2. On what basis can objectivity be:(a) claimedless than six years, van Meegeren would“Ina further six ‘Vermeers’, earning thepaintof $60 million. With money, cameequivalent… . vicevan Meegeren’s addictions to alcohol andAstook hold, and the standard of hismorphineplummeted, still experts acceptedforgeriesas genuine. He discovered that, regardlessthemhow incompetent his painting, how crudeofanatomy, how uncertain the provenance,hisbaroque art of his day, and the criticDutchthe bait … .tookthe world was at van Meegeren’sSuddenlyThe Supper at Emmaus was bought by thefeet.Boijmans Gallery in Rotterdam forprestigiousequivalent of $6 million. More importantlythevan Meegeren, it was advertised asforcentrepiece, the crowning glory of thetheexhibition, 400 Years of Europeangallery’sArt.the exhibition, van Meegeren wouldDuringproclaim the painting a forgery,loudlycrude pastiche, and listen as the finestaof his generation persuaded him thatmindspainting was a genuine Vermeer. Hishiswas now complete. He had only totriumphwhat he had promised himself: to standdoand claim the work for himself, therebyupfools of his critics. Instead, within amakinghe was working on a new forgery.”month,(b) disputed?Are there certain claims in art—about an3.origin, meaning, quality, valueartwork’sso on—that can be objective, andandthat cannot?othersWhat are the implications of claiming4.objectivity is impossible in art?thatmost erudite Vermeer critics were preparedthesanctify his work. His one mistake had beentoallow one of his paintings to fall into enemytoGermany) hands.(Naziexpert eye discovered van Meegeren’sNoHe was unmasked only because,forgery.six weeks in prison, he cracked: ‘Fools!’afterroared at his jailers. ‘You think I sold aheVermeer to Göring? There was nopricelesspainted it myself.’Vermeer—III. PerspectivesII. Perspectivespaint a masterpiece.(Wynne 2006)For discussionObjectivity289

II. Perspectiveswas one thing van Meegeren had notThereon: no one believed his confession. Itcountedone of the officers who naively suggestedwasif van Meegeren had painted Göring’sthathe could paint a copy from memory.Vermeer,Meegeren arrogantly refused. ‘To paintVancopy is no proof of artistic talent. In all myaI have never painted a copy! But I shallcareera pair or small group consider theInquestions.followingOn what basis can van Meegeren’s1.be doubted?claimsbeen denounced by the press as a“Havinga ‘Dutch Nazi artist’, van Meegerentraitor,now a folk hero—the man who hadwasGöring. The Reichsmarschall wasswindledthat his beloved Vermeer was a forgerytoldawaiting execution in Nuremberg.whileto a contemporary account:Accordinglooked as if for the first time he‘[Göring]the wake of his confession and theInit caused, van Meegeren trulyscandalthe fame he had craved. The trial,knewit came, was a three-ring circus.whentripped over each other toExpertsthemselves. Van Meegeren—exculpatethan the prosecuting counsel—wasmorethat he should be founddeterminedof committing these ‘masterpieces’,guiltyeven now, experts conspired againstbutarguing that at least one of hishim,might be genuine.forgeriesthis video produced by Museum Boijmans,InWessles offers a quick summary of theHansMeergen affair, using news clips andvanfrom van Meegeren’s trial.footageyou a new Vermeer. I shall paint you apaintmasterpiece.’so, surrounded by reporters and courtappointedAndwitnesses, and supplied with liberalof alcohol and morphine, he workedquantitiessix weeks painting one final ‘Vermeer’, infordesperate attempt to prove himself guilty.”a2006)(WynneCan it be proved that he was or was not3.the truth, and how?tellingthe end, however, van Meegeren got hisInon November 12, 1947 he was foundwish:of obtaining money by deceptionguiltysentenced to one year’s imprisonment.andhe would never serve a day of hisButWhile prosecution and defencesentence.to secure a full public pardonwrangledthe Queen, the forger—long afromhypochondriac—finallyconsummateto angina. He was hospitalisedsuccumbedthe day before he was scheduled toonhis sentence and died some weeksservevan Meegeren’s greatest gift to theHanworld is doubt. If forgers throughoutartages have taught us anything, it is tothewhy we love what we love,re-examineovercome our obsession with simpletoand appreciate the work forauthenticityterms: “Van Meegeren’sSearchVermeers” YouTubefake10For discussionDisbelief, proof and evidenceWhat would count as sufficient2.of his claims?evidencehad discovered there was evil in the world.’later.itself.” (Wynne 2006)290

II. Perspectives

was one thing van Meegeren had not

There

on: no one believed his confession. It

counted

one of the officers who naively suggested

was

if van Meegeren had painted Göring’s

that

he could paint a copy from memory.

Vermeer,

Meegeren arrogantly refused. ‘To paint

Van

copy is no proof of artistic talent. In all my

a

I have never painted a copy! But I shall

career

a pair or small group consider the

In

questions.

following

On what basis can van Meegeren’s

1.

be doubted?

claims

been denounced by the press as a

“Having

a ‘Dutch Nazi artist’, van Meegeren

traitor,

now a folk hero—the man who had

was

Göring. The Reichsmarschall was

swindled

that his beloved Vermeer was a forgery

told

awaiting execution in Nuremberg.

while

to a contemporary account:

According

looked as if for the first time he

‘[Göring]

the wake of his confession and the

In

it caused, van Meegeren truly

scandal

the fame he had craved. The trial,

knew

it came, was a three-ring circus.

when

tripped over each other to

Experts

themselves. Van Meegeren—

exculpate

than the prosecuting counsel—was

more

that he should be found

determined

of committing these ‘masterpieces’,

guilty

even now, experts conspired against

but

arguing that at least one of his

him,

might be genuine.

forgeries

this video produced by Museum Boijmans,

In

Wessles offers a quick summary of the

Hans

Meergen affair, using news clips and

van

from van Meegeren’s trial.

footage

you a new Vermeer. I shall paint you a

paint

masterpiece.’

so, surrounded by reporters and courtappointed

And

witnesses, and supplied with liberal

of alcohol and morphine, he worked

quantities

six weeks painting one final ‘Vermeer’, in

for

desperate attempt to prove himself guilty.”

a

2006)

(Wynne

Can it be proved that he was or was not

3.

the truth, and how?

telling

the end, however, van Meegeren got his

In

on November 12, 1947 he was found

wish:

of obtaining money by deception

guilty

sentenced to one year’s imprisonment.

and

he would never serve a day of his

But

While prosecution and defence

sentence.

to secure a full public pardon

wrangled

the Queen, the forger—long a

from

hypochondriac—finally

consummate

to angina. He was hospitalised

succumbed

the day before he was scheduled to

on

his sentence and died some weeks

serve

van Meegeren’s greatest gift to the

Han

world is doubt. If forgers throughout

art

ages have taught us anything, it is to

the

why we love what we love,

re-examine

overcome our obsession with simple

to

and appreciate the work for

authenticity

terms: “Van Meegeren’s

Search

Vermeers” YouTube

fake

10

For discussion

Disbelief, proof and evidence

What would count as sufficient

2.

of his claims?

evidence

had discovered there was evil in the world.’

later.

itself.” (Wynne 2006)

290

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