Theory of Knowledge - Course Companion for Students Marija Uzunova Dang Arvin Singh Uzunov Dang
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Theory of Knowledge - Course Companion for Students Marija Uzunova Dang Arvin Singh Uzunov Dang

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To what xtnt do historians hav to1.that history is nutral?nsur2. How ould nutrality ahivd?How would you wigh th as for3.against th as for an “thial”nutralityin The Baer Adolf Reed describes the 2016WritingBirth of a Nation as an example in this movementlmprioritizes uplifting narratives, to correct for thethatof the past, over historical accuracy. ReedwrongsKenneth Warren as speculating that for Natequotesthe director of the lm: “the point of historyParker,not so much to gure out what really happenedisrather to enable reparative and redemptivebut… history, for him, must remainmythmakingconduit for inspiration or therapy, fornarrow—alegacies, or for purveying information orbequeathingto the present—and not much more.”misinformationGallois said that "historis ofWilliamhav oftn onivd of thmslvsdisailitying narrativs of mpowrmnt andasof omating injusti. For manymodsand support groups, th history ofativistsuh as prosthsis, war wounds orfildsis not solly aout and for ththalidomid,ut an ngagmnt in politial andpast,attls in our prsnt” (Gallois quotdthialDunn, Fair2012).inth quots on this pag aoutConsidrfilm Birth of a Nation and th historisthdisaility, thn, disuss th followingofqustions.Is th primary rol of history to tru to1.past or to inform th prsnt? Is thrthCan srving th prsnt at odds with2.tru to th past?staying(a) To what xtnt would you agr that3.should srv th nds of thhistoryWho gts to did what ths(b)ndsar?to th position that history should strivCntral somthing, is th assumption that historytoknow what it is; or, as E.H. Carr mightansaid, that th historians an ris aovhavAn thial history prsupposs a slfawarthmslvs.history. But onsidr th as prsntdof Vitorian historians who thought thylow,xmplifying th st pratis of nutralitywrwr, it turnd out, unknowingly smugglingutthir moral valus. How an w know if windoing any ttr? This qustion omsarrlvant in th idologially andspiallyhargd nvironmnt of th urrntpolitiallyas Galloisxplains.ra,IV. EthicsIV. EthicsFor discussionFor reflectionHistory as activismNeutralityConsidr th issu of nutrality in history.and/or rstitutiv history?Making connectionsHistorical art to uplifta diffrn?prsnt?(Warren quoted in Reed 2016)IV.2 Can history know itself?275

IV. Ethicsis filld with xtraordinary figurs whoHistoryonsidrd grat y th standards of thirwrut whos gratnss has not agd wll.tim,y th fforts of thial historians, inPromptdlast fw dads thr hav n a numrthrvisd judgmnts that ast on-gratoffigurs into a ngativ light. That listhistorialasualtis, or rprhnsil popl, dpndingofyour politis, inluds Winston Churhill,onRhods and many othrs on a long list ofCilwhit mn. By ontmporary standardsmostlyfigurs would judgd untnaly raistthssxist—that is rarly opn to qustion—orth dat raiss som vry importantutqustions. What ar th impliationsknowldgjudging popl in th past y th prsnt?ofdo w diffrntiat twn individual andHowrsponsiility?olltiv9IV.3 Judging the past by the standardsEmpirical historians had long seen a central awin their nineteenth-century forebears’ method asof the presentbeing their desire to promote certain moral andideological causes in the course of the productionof history. The classic example of this entanglementcame in Whig histories of nineteenth-century Britainin which valorisations of parliamentary democracyand modern progress were also understood to becoded references to the moral superiority of themodern West and the place of Britain at the apex ofthis benecent civilisation. It was, however, only theretrospective judgement of subsequent generationsof historians which saw the Whigs cast in this light,for the Victorians themselves had viewed theirpractices as exemplifying the traditions of neutralitywhich emerged with the empirical method. If theWhigs were thus blinded as to the moral values theysmuggled into their histories, were later historiansany more self-aware, especially given the chargedpolitical environments of the twentieth century andthe adoption of Marxist, conservative, feminist andother ideological positions and methods?(Gallois quoted in Dunn, Faire 2012)Figure 9.7Following pressure by the “Rhodes Must Fall” movement, the Cecil Rhodes statue is removed at the University of Cape Town,South Africa, in 2015276

To what xtnt do historians hav to

1.

that history is nutral?

nsur

2. How ould nutrality ahivd?

How would you wigh th as for

3.

against th as for an “thial”

nutrality

in The Baer Adolf Reed describes the 2016

Writing

Birth of a Nation as an example in this movement

lm

prioritizes uplifting narratives, to correct for the

that

of the past, over historical accuracy. Reed

wrongs

Kenneth Warren as speculating that for Nate

quotes

the director of the lm: “the point of history

Parker,

not so much to gure out what really happened

is

rather to enable reparative and redemptive

but

… history, for him, must remain

mythmaking

conduit for inspiration or therapy, for

narrow—a

legacies, or for purveying information or

bequeathing

to the present—and not much more.”

misinformation

Gallois said that "historis of

William

hav oftn onivd of thmslvs

disaility

ing narrativs of mpowrmnt and

as

of omating injusti. For many

mods

and support groups, th history of

ativist

suh as prosthsis, war wounds or

filds

is not solly aout and for th

thalidomid,

ut an ngagmnt in politial and

past,

attls in our prsnt” (Gallois quotd

thial

Dunn, Fair2012).

in

th quots on this pag aout

Considr

film Birth of a Nation and th historis

th

disaility, thn, disuss th following

of

qustions.

Is th primary rol of history to tru to

1.

past or to inform th prsnt? Is thr

th

Can srving th prsnt at odds with

2.

tru to th past?

staying

(a) To what xtnt would you agr that

3.

should srv th nds of th

history

Who gts to did what ths

(b)

ndsar?

to th position that history should striv

Cntral

somthing, is th assumption that history

to

know what it is; or, as E.H. Carr might

an

said, that th historians an ris aov

hav

An thial history prsupposs a slfawar

thmslvs.

history. But onsidr th as prsntd

of Vitorian historians who thought thy

low,

xmplifying th st pratis of nutrality

wr

wr, it turnd out, unknowingly smuggling

ut

thir moral valus. How an w know if w

in

doing any ttr? This qustion oms

ar

rlvant in th idologially and

spially

hargd nvironmnt of th urrnt

politially

as Galloisxplains.

ra,

IV. Ethics

IV. Ethics

For discussion

For reflection

History as activism

Neutrality

Considr th issu of nutrality in history.

and/or rstitutiv history?

Making connections

Historical art to uplift

a diffrn?

prsnt?

(Warren quoted in Reed 2016)

IV.2 Can history know itself?

275

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