Theory of Knowledge - Course Companion for Students Marija Uzunova Dang Arvin Singh Uzunov Dang

III. Methods and tools
monks and lrgy in th Middl
Christian
who oftn rordd vnts yar y yar
Ags,
hronils. Early Islami historial writings
in
th 7th ntury, on th othr hand, had to
from
with numrous onfliting narrativs
ontnd
ompting sours aout th Propht
from
lif, and th writrs dvlopd
Muhammad’s
suh as Ilm al-Rijãl (th sin
mthodologis
narration) to distinguish authnti hadiths,
of
oth histori and rligious knowldg.
using
Ara historian and historiographr In
Th
writing in th 14th ntury, is rgardd
Khaldun,
som as a pionr of historiography and th
y
of history, produing th first dtaild
philosophy
and ritiqus of historial mthods. His
studis
ook, Muqaddimah, st out a framwork for
1377
osrvations of systmati ias in history.
making
many historial works, th ook ontains
Lik
that w know to wrong today, as
lmnts
as xpliit raism, ut has n nonthlss
wll
and praisd as a sminal work. Franz
idntifid
sholar and profssor at Yal, has notd
Rosnthal,
Islami sholars suh as Khaldun “ahivd
that
dfinit advan yond prvious historial
a
in th soiologial undrstanding of
writing
and th systmatisation of historiography”
history
1952). Mor rntly, Mark Zukrrg
(Rosnthal
Muqaddimah as rommndd rading in
inludd
famous Enlightnmnt-ra philosophr
Th
had a signifiant influn on th
Voltair
of historiography, rjting for
dvlopmnt
suprnatural fors and rligious
instan
and fousing lss on kings, “grat
intolran,
and wars. His approah would prov
mn”
influntial to futur historial writing.
dply
Gion, a British historian writing
Edward
fw yars aftr Voltair, would add to this
a
a havy rlian on primary sours for
styl
six-volum History of the Decline and Fall of
his
Roman Empire, pulishd in 1776, that also
the
modrn historians. Latr th Annals
inflund
of history, prhaps dirtly inspird y
shool
was influntial in pivoting th fous
Voltair,
Frnh historial rsarh towards long-trm
of
historis, paying attntion to onomis,
soial
and soiology, rathr than th
gography
(and snsational) mphasis on war,
traditional
and diplomay pratisd y 19th and
politis
ntury historians. Yt this was not a
arly-20th
trnd; Elton, as shown arlir, plad
dfinitiv
mphasis on th rol of individual agny
grat
history, avoiding th mphasis on soial trnds.
in
in th 20th ntury saw a ris in th
Latr
of soial history, in th tradition
popularity
th Annals. Although onrnd with th
of
of ordinary popl, soial historians
xprins
lss rliant on narrativ, and mor on
wr
sins and quantitativ tools. This trnd
soial
to a dgr towards th nd of th 20th
rvrsd
whn narrativ forms mad a omak.
ntury,
Marx inspird Marxist historiography that
Karl
soial and onomi onditions,
mphasizd
lass onflit and intrations,
partiularly
dtrmining historial outoms. Marxist
as
was strikingly diffrnt in
historiography
th importan of human
d-mphasizing
and idas. It was known as historial
agndas
aus of th ntral rol of
matrialism
onditions in dtrmining history.
matrial
historians am known for writing
Marxist
from low”, also alld popl’s
“history
that onsistd of narrativs from th
history,
of ommon popl—partiularly th
prsptiv
th opprssd and th nononformists or
poor,
mor rnt hangs in th prati and
Th
of history hav n drivn y gndr
thory
post-olonial historians and
historians,
th lattr qustioning
post-modrnists—with
9
his 2015 yar of ooks.
outsidrs, rathr than ladrs.
whthr history an truthful at all.
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