Theory of Knowledge - Course Companion for Students Marija Uzunova Dang Arvin Singh Uzunov Dang
won th attl. Whil popl in thatuallygroup on avrag ould not tll, and hadfirstida who would win, thos from th sondnosaid it was ovious from th start whogroupwin. “Yt th two groups had xatly thwouldinformation, xpt for this on fat: howsamWhat would an xampl of how a1.aount is afftd y hindsighthistorial2. Rfr to your xampl of hindsight ias.To what xtnt ar historians(a)to this ias?susptilHow might historians, through th(b)of th tools and mthods in thirusontrol and ovromdisiplin,ias?hindsightas th study of th mthodsHistoriography,historians us, is a usful ntry pointthatstudnts sking to idntify knowldgforand issus within history as anlaimsFor xampl, th historiography ofAOK.rvals how historians hav studidolonialisminluding th diffrnt sours,olonialism,thniqus and ontrovrsis, and anmthods,what inflund historians in thir workrvalolonialism.onhaptr has prsntd svral of th viwsThisontriutions to historiography of Britishandprimarily at th univrsitis of Oxfordmn,Camridg. It is worth noting th arlirandmad y writrs from othr partsontriutionsth world, though this vry rif history ofofannot do justi to th many divrs andhistoryhistorial traditions around th world.importantaadmi and ultural ontxts havDiffrntdiffrnt approahs to studyingpursudmany of whih hav ulminatd inhistory,of history w hav today. ThthpratisMsopotamia, ut thfromAnintEgyptandnarrativ rords y idntifial authors,firstto inform futur gnrations aoutwrittnom from China and Gr, mrgingvnts,th 5th ntury bce. Hrodotus isaroundrfrrd to as th foundr of historysomtimsis among th first on rord to attmpt toandtwn mor and lss rlial sours,judgalso to hav produd writtn aountsanddiffrnt ulturs y travlling widly. Hisofattriutd an important rol to th gods inworkvnts. It was Thuydids, writingdtrminingfw gnrations latr, who stalishd a moraapproah y rmoving divinrationalistifrom his aount of th war twnausalityand Sparta, whih st a prdnt forAthnsChristian and Islami historiographyEarlygav importan to writtn as opposdothoral sours, whih had n prfrrd ytohistorians in Gr and Rom. Thislassiala prdnt that would last millnnia.sthistory was an important task amongWritingIII. Methods and toolsIII. Methods and toolsit turnd out” (Chatr 2015).For ref lectionOvercoming the hindsight biasias?futur historians.III.3 A very brief history of historyarlist historis on rord ar hronologis267
III. Methods and toolsmonks and lrgy in th MiddlChristianwho oftn rordd vnts yar y yarAgs,hronils. Early Islami historial writingsinth 7th ntury, on th othr hand, had tofromwith numrous onfliting narrativsontndompting sours aout th Prophtfromlif, and th writrs dvlopdMuhammad’ssuh as Ilm al-Rijãl (th sinmthodologisnarration) to distinguish authnti hadiths,ofoth histori and rligious knowldg.usingAra historian and historiographr InThwriting in th 14th ntury, is rgarddKhaldun,som as a pionr of historiography and thyof history, produing th first dtaildphilosophyand ritiqus of historial mthods. Hisstudisook, Muqaddimah, st out a framwork for1377osrvations of systmati ias in history.makingmany historial works, th ook ontainsLikthat w know to wrong today, aslmntsas xpliit raism, ut has n nonthlsswlland praisd as a sminal work. Franzidntifidsholar and profssor at Yal, has notdRosnthal,Islami sholars suh as Khaldun “ahivdthatdfinit advan yond prvious historialain th soiologial undrstanding ofwritingand th systmatisation of historiography”history1952). Mor rntly, Mark Zukrrg(RosnthalMuqaddimah as rommndd rading ininluddfamous Enlightnmnt-ra philosophrThhad a signifiant influn on thVoltairof historiography, rjting fordvlopmntsuprnatural fors and rligiousinstanand fousing lss on kings, “gratintolran,and wars. His approah would provmn”influntial to futur historial writing.dplyGion, a British historian writingEdwardfw yars aftr Voltair, would add to thisaa havy rlian on primary sours forstylsix-volum History of the Decline and Fall ofhisRoman Empire, pulishd in 1776, that alsothemodrn historians. Latr th Annalsinflundof history, prhaps dirtly inspird yshoolwas influntial in pivoting th fousVoltair,Frnh historial rsarh towards long-trmofhistoris, paying attntion to onomis,soialand soiology, rathr than thgography(and snsational) mphasis on war,traditionaland diplomay pratisd y 19th andpolitisntury historians. Yt this was not aarly-20thtrnd; Elton, as shown arlir, pladdfinitivmphasis on th rol of individual agnygrathistory, avoiding th mphasis on soial trnds.inin th 20th ntury saw a ris in thLatrof soial history, in th traditionpopularityth Annals. Although onrnd with thofof ordinary popl, soial historiansxprinslss rliant on narrativ, and mor onwrsins and quantitativ tools. This trndsoialto a dgr towards th nd of th 20thrvrsdwhn narrativ forms mad a omak.ntury,Marx inspird Marxist historiography thatKarlsoial and onomi onditions,mphasizdlass onflit and intrations,partiularlydtrmining historial outoms. Marxistaswas strikingly diffrnt inhistoriographyth importan of humand-mphasizingand idas. It was known as historialagndasaus of th ntral rol ofmatrialismonditions in dtrmining history.matrialhistorians am known for writingMarxistfrom low”, also alld popl’s“historythat onsistd of narrativs from thhistory,of ommon popl—partiularly thprsptivth opprssd and th nononformists orpoor,mor rnt hangs in th prati andThof history hav n drivn y gndrthorypost-olonial historians andhistorians,th lattr qustioningpost-modrnists—with9his 2015 yar of ooks.outsidrs, rathr than ladrs.whthr history an truthful at all.268
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- Page 235 and 236: III. Methods and toolsMargaret Mead
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won th attl. Whil popl in th
atually
group on avrag ould not tll, and had
first
ida who would win, thos from th sond
no
said it was ovious from th start who
group
win. “Yt th two groups had xatly th
would
information, xpt for this on fat: how
sam
What would an xampl of how a
1.
aount is afftd y hindsight
historial
2. Rfr to your xampl of hindsight ias.
To what xtnt ar historians
(a)
to this ias?
susptil
How might historians, through th
(b)
of th tools and mthods in thir
us
ontrol and ovrom
disiplin,
ias?
hindsight
as th study of th mthods
Historiography,
historians us, is a usful ntry point
that
studnts sking to idntify knowldg
for
and issus within history as an
laims
For xampl, th historiography of
AOK.
rvals how historians hav studid
olonialism
inluding th diffrnt sours,
olonialism,
thniqus and ontrovrsis, and an
mthods,
what inflund historians in thir work
rval
olonialism.
on
haptr has prsntd svral of th viws
This
ontriutions to historiography of British
and
primarily at th univrsitis of Oxford
mn,
Camridg. It is worth noting th arlir
and
mad y writrs from othr parts
ontriutions
th world, though this vry rif history of
of
annot do justi to th many divrs and
history
historial traditions around th world.
important
aadmi and ultural ontxts hav
Diffrnt
diffrnt approahs to studying
pursud
many of whih hav ulminatd in
history,
of history w hav today. Th
thpratis
Msopotamia, ut th
fromAnintEgyptand
narrativ rords y idntifial authors,
first
to inform futur gnrations aout
writtn
om from China and Gr, mrging
vnts,
th 5th ntury bce. Hrodotus is
around
rfrrd to as th foundr of history
somtims
is among th first on rord to attmpt to
and
twn mor and lss rlial sours,
judg
also to hav produd writtn aounts
and
diffrnt ulturs y travlling widly. His
of
attriutd an important rol to th gods in
work
vnts. It was Thuydids, writing
dtrmining
fw gnrations latr, who stalishd a mor
a
approah y rmoving divin
rationalisti
from his aount of th war twn
ausality
and Sparta, whih st a prdnt for
Athns
Christian and Islami historiography
Early
gav importan to writtn as opposd
oth
oral sours, whih had n prfrrd y
to
historians in Gr and Rom. This
lassial
a prdnt that would last millnnia.
st
history was an important task among
Writing
III. Methods and tools
III. Methods and tools
it turnd out” (Chatr 2015).
For ref lection
Overcoming the hindsight bias
ias?
futur historians.
III.3 A very brief history of history
arlist historis on rord ar hronologis
267