Theory of Knowledge - Course Companion for Students Marija Uzunova Dang Arvin Singh Uzunov Dang
original studies had shown true effects”thein Baker 2016).(quotedthe other hand, Brian Nosek, leader ofOnOpen Science Collaboration project,thethat Gilbert’s “optimisticrespondedis limited by statisticalassessmentencounter disagreements between expertsWethis chapter and Chapter 7.throughoutrecurring question for TOK is what toAabout it. If someone is not sufficientlydoin statistics how should theycompetentNosek’s versus Gilbert’s arguments?evaluateauthors of a study are the people mostThefamiliar with the weaknesses andcloselyto their own findings. Sometimes,limitationsare the foremost experts in their sub-theyand may be the first to come acrossdisciplines,that undermines their confidenceevidencethe results that propelled their careers.init remains rare for academics to publiclyYet,back their work, so replications remaintakenext best way to find out about suspecttheA timely response to the replicationfindings.is the Loss of Confidence Project: theissueorganized, institutional platform forfirstto declare a loss of confidence in theirauthorsresearch. The Loss of Confidence projectownof a voluntary nature and researchers canissubmit loss of confidence for their ownonlyIf a researcher has lost confidenceresearch.their findings, why not retract the study?inloss of confidence a soft alternative toIsRetractions are not necessarilyretraction?journal can also retract avoluntary—areplication problem within human sciencesTheand psychology specifically, is an ongoinggenerally,as of 2020 but there is a consensuscontroversyaround the view that a significant problemformingSome have lamented that the tenor ofexists.discourse is divisive and antagonistic, andtheand popular science outlets are accusednewspapersreporting it with sensational headlines equivalentof“Psychology is dead”. Whether we call it atoa crisis, a disagreement or an opportunity,problem,episode has caused both students andtheto examine more closely how academicresearchersis produced in the human sciences,knowledgeterms of the incentives, institutional structures,inand practical constraints withinassumptionsThis is something to be welcomed.academia.any rate, initiatives such as RetractionAtand the Loss of Confidence projectWatchquestionable or discarded findings easiermaketrack. These initiatives are mechanismstokeeping the body of scientific knowledgeforand up to date. Essentially, they raisereliableof professional ethical conductquestionstransparency, and those issues take us toandsubmission to the project came fromOneDana Carney, who came topsychologistthe findings of her 2010 paper onrefuteposes’, co-authored with Amy Cuddy.‘powerstudy centred on the idea that adopting aThepose could be beneficial in stressfulpowerfulAlthough the pair’s work onsituations.poses had gained a lot of attention—powerCuddy’s associated TED talk remainsandof the most watched—in 2016 Carneyonecompelled to admit that she nofeltbelieved in the conclusions of herlongerIII. Methods and toolsIII. Methods and toolsmisconceptions” (quoted in Baker 2016).Box 8.4: Destigmatizing loss of confidencesection IV.original study.published article on the basis of error or fraud.239
III. Methods and toolsIV. Ethics7 describes how the material andChapterpower of scientific knowledge—tonarrativeas well as tell stories about the naturalinfluencea robust ethics. This chapterworld—necessitatesshown that the human sciences describes ashasas shapes our social reality in a similarlywellway, affecting how we understand,powerfulor disagree about human nature, moralityagreejustice, what is fundamental to all people,andwhat is different. Challenging issues canandpolitical with comparatively few, if any,becometruths to draw on. We have seen thatempiricalwe do not know, and therefore what wewhatassume, can deeply influence knowledgemustpractical outcomes. The ethics of the humanandmust take into account power, influence,sciencesgives us the power to makeKnowledgean impact on the planet that some havesuchto name the present geologic era,proposedAnthropocene, after us. Amid mountingthethat human activity is alteringevidenceand Earth systems, the concept of thesocialthe past few years. If you are unsure aboutinthe concept means, follow the link towhatcomprehensive explainer video that is anaintroduction to the topic. In the videoexcellentAnthropocene is described and justified intheof the impact of humans on the planet.termsterms:Searchthe ageAnthropocenethe Anthropocene may requireKnowingtrans-disciplinary modes of knowledgenewand sharing that current institutionsproductionnot allow for. If the following sections sounddoEarth science and you are wonderinglikethey are here, keep that thought inwhyalongside the concept of natureculturemind,section II. Consider also the problem offromthe observer from the observationremovingthe modeller from the model in the name oforGiven the scale and depth of humanobjectivity.on the planet, is it even possible to speakimpactnature without speaking about humans ataboutsame time?the8Figure 8.5aThe two low-power poses used in the study.Figure 8.5bThe two high-power poses used in the study.Participants in this condition were posed in contractiveParticipants in this condition were posed in expansivepositions with closed limbs.positions with open limbs.I V. E T H I C Sof mankind YouTuberesponsibility and fairness.Anthropocene has been intensively theorized240
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- Page 215 and 216: I. Scopeof an idea or theory coming
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- Page 235 and 236: III. Methods and toolsMargaret Mead
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- Page 239 and 240: III. Methods and toolstold Mahbub,
- Page 241 and 242: III. Methods and toolsY. Thinley, a
- Page 243 and 244: III. Methods and toolsis the scope
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- Page 281 and 282: IV. Ethicsin Chaptr 5. Grgory Young
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III. Methods and tools
IV. Ethics
7 describes how the material and
Chapter
power of scientific knowledge—to
narrative
as well as tell stories about the natural
influence
a robust ethics. This chapter
world—necessitates
shown that the human sciences describes as
has
as shapes our social reality in a similarly
well
way, affecting how we understand,
powerful
or disagree about human nature, morality
agree
justice, what is fundamental to all people,
and
what is different. Challenging issues can
and
political with comparatively few, if any,
become
truths to draw on. We have seen that
empirical
we do not know, and therefore what we
what
assume, can deeply influence knowledge
must
practical outcomes. The ethics of the human
and
must take into account power, influence,
sciences
gives us the power to make
Knowledge
an impact on the planet that some have
such
to name the present geologic era,
proposed
Anthropocene, after us. Amid mounting
the
that human activity is altering
evidence
and Earth systems, the concept of the
social
the past few years. If you are unsure about
in
the concept means, follow the link to
what
comprehensive explainer video that is an
a
introduction to the topic. In the video
excellent
Anthropocene is described and justified in
the
of the impact of humans on the planet.
terms
terms:
Search
the age
Anthropocene
the Anthropocene may require
Knowing
trans-disciplinary modes of knowledge
new
and sharing that current institutions
production
not allow for. If the following sections sound
do
Earth science and you are wondering
like
they are here, keep that thought in
why
alongside the concept of natureculture
mind,
section II. Consider also the problem of
from
the observer from the observation
removing
the modeller from the model in the name of
or
Given the scale and depth of human
objectivity.
on the planet, is it even possible to speak
impact
nature without speaking about humans at
about
same time?
the
8
Figure 8.5a
The two low-power poses used in the study.
Figure 8.5b
The two high-power poses used in the study.
Participants in this condition were posed in contractive
Participants in this condition were posed in expansive
positions with closed limbs.
positions with open limbs.
I V. E T H I C S
of mankind YouTube
responsibility and fairness.
Anthropocene has been intensively theorized
240
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