Theory of Knowledge - Course Companion for Students Marija Uzunova Dang Arvin Singh Uzunov Dang

picks them up and moves away from the
who
with them. They display neutral facial
mother
and the level of the stress hormone
expressions,
(as indicated in the saliva) declines …
cortisol
like these clearly indicate that assessment
Results
relying on Western values and
procedures
of behavior are inappropriate outside
standards
cultural territory.
their
a source of counterclaims to Keller, consider
As
arguments put forth by Mesman et al
the
The authors start with the point that it
(2008).
in 1950s Uganda, not one of the WEIRD
was
that developmental-psychologist
countries,
Ainsworth “laid the foundations” for
Mary
In how many countries and cultures
1.
a pattern of behaviour and
must
occur before we can call
interrelationship
universal?
it
In some research, the aim is to interpret
2.
of behaviour in different
patterns
(a) Is it possible for researchers to achieve
(b) What would qualify researchers to
3. Consider assessing humans.
Is it easier to assume human
(a)
or sameness?
difference
Which of these approaches is safer,
(b)
in what contexts?
and
concerns arise in the context of the
Similar
accepted claim, and cliché, that teenagers
widely
prone to risky behaviour. The linked article is
are
of many that attributes this to a combination
one
authors review a range of childbearing
The
in ethnographic evidence spanning
practices
!Kung San of Botswana, Efé of the Ituri
the
in Zambia, Hadza of Tanzania, Bofi
forest
the Central African Republic and Hausa
in
Nigeria. They also offer standardized
in
of attachment and sensitivity in
observations
of Kenya, Dogon subsistence farmers
Gusii
Mali, and mothers in South Africa, China,
in
New Guinea, Taiwan, Japan, South
Papua
Indonesia, Chile, Colombia, Peru,
Korea,
and Israel. Clearly this is not a
Mexico
list of the world’s countries,
comprehensive
could we conclude it is not enough? What
but
information or expertise would you
additional
to form a judgment about the issue? If
need
remain, which assumptions are safer
doubts
make? to
citing neuroscientific studies using fMRI
control,
scans that support the claim.
brain
terms: Psychology
Search
brains risk-taking
Teen
widely-cited 2006 study boldly asserts that
A
behaviour “is biologically driven … and
such
to be remedied through educational
unlikely
designed to change adolescents’
interventions
appraisal, or understanding of
perception,
and that our understanding and policy
risk”,
“should begin from the premise
interventions
adolescents are inherently more likely than
that
are deeply assertive claims about
These
behaviour and biology. Similar studies
teenage
pointed towards a higher incidence of
have
emotional challenges and irresponsible
anxiety,
among teens because of biological
behaviour
Such claims verge on biological
reasons.
and biological reductionism. They
determinism
also rarely if ever accompanied with the
are
“American teenagers …” even
qualification
the cited literature almost exclusively
though
III. Methods and tools
III. Methods and tools
(Keller 2018)
important contributions to attachment theory.
For ref lection
Behavioural research across cultures
cultures, in a way that reveals the truth.
this?
do this?
adults to take risks” (Steinberg 2006).
of reward-seeking and less-developed impulse
studies this group. Earlier in this chapter we
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