Theory of Knowledge - Course Companion for Students Marija Uzunova Dang Arvin Singh Uzunov Dang
Figure 8.1 “Guards” and their “prisoners” during the experiment conducted at Stanford Universityprison experiment was describedZimbardo’sTwitter as “antiscientific” by psychologyonSimine Vazire, after new evidenceprofessorthat the experimental design andrevealedmay have been quite poor andexecutionby investigator bias. Thecompromisedhas lost some of its landmarkexperimentand its legacy poses familiar questions,status,was referring to an article by Ben Blum, whichVazireexcellent TOK reading.isWhat is an appropriate response when•knowledge is shown to beestablishedHow do we best separate the personality and•of the researcher from the research?reputationWhat is the responsibility of professors and•in the process of knowledge sharingteachersterms: BlumSearchlifespan of a lieThethe link to read the article and then discuss the following questions with a partner, in aFollowgroup or as a class.small1. How might the beliefs, interests and experiences of researchers affect their research?2. What kinds of checks are necessary to ensure the integrity of the results and conclusions of3. How should we guard against being too quick to accept scientific theories that align with theII. PerspectivesII. Perspectivescontroversial?and transfer?such as the following.For discussionIntegrity in researchresearch?cultural climate of the time?217
II. Perspectivesallegations of scientific misconduct inTheStanford Prison experiment, and thetheconcerns about Milgram’smethodologicalexperiments, are part of a bigobedienceof the reliability of psychology’sre-evaluationfindings. We explore more ofbest-knownin III.6. It may come to be known as thethisscientific controversy of the 2010s, butbiggestat this scale in a discipline isself-questioningunprecedented. As II.2 below explains,hardlyabout a quarter of a century a debate ragedinforthat spilled beyond academia toanthropologyMead was the most famousMargaretof the 20th century. Indeed,anthropologistthe time of her death in 1978 she hadbysynonymous with the field of culturalbecomeShe was the “Mother to theanthropology.according to Time magazine (1969), andWorld”of the Presidential Medal of Freedom,recipienthighest civilian honour in the UnitedtheTaking visible positions in society andStates.civil rights, gender equality andchampioningjustice, she went beyond the callenvironmentalacademic duty to become a public icon. Meadofthe standards for what it means to be a publicsetand was widely considered asanthropologistof the greats of the discipline already duringonelifetime. Then there was controversy, asherit was major news in 1983, ve years after her…when Derek Freeman, a New Zealand-borndeath,published Margaret Mead and Samoa:anthropologist,Making and Unmaking of an AnthropologicalThea slashing attack criticizing Mead’s near-iconicMyth,as deeply awed if not deliberately distortedstudypromote ideas that had as much to do with her owntoon sex and with American culture of the 1920sviewsthe publication of Freeman’s book, anBeforeappeared on the front page of the Newarticletaking an interest in the controversies ofmedianarrow academic field. The episode becameadivisive and exposed ideological faultdeeplyin academic anthropology as well as inlinesCould it be that the power of culturesociety.shape human behaviour had been hugelytoFigure 8.2 Margaret Mead dressed in traditional clothing duringattack on Mead’s anthropology alsoFreeman’sthe liberalism and feminism of herthreatenedwork. To understand why, we need a basiccivicof the conflicting knowledgeunderstandingthat were made. Mead’s Coming of AgeclaimsSamoa (1928) was a key development in theindebate. It claimed that whilenature-nurturepuberty was universal, the turmoilbiologicaladolescence often said to accompany it wasofproduct of culture. Mead offered a rangeaevidence for this, but there was one majoroffor many, and especially for Freeman.concerndescribed Samoa as a sexually liberalMeadand claimed that this made pubertycultureharmonious for young Samoans asmoreto their rebellious American peers.compared8overstated for half acentury?attract intense public interest foryears.II.2 Of heroines and hereticsher time in Samoaexplained by anthropologist Paul Shankman:as with adolescence in Polynesia.(Shankman 2009)York Times anticipating it, which showed massFreeman challenged this description of Samoan218
- Page 173 and 174: IV. Ethics1962, generals seized pow
- Page 175 and 176: recent human activity called scienc
- Page 177 and 178: II. Perspectivessection explores th
- Page 179 and 180: II. Perspectivessaid to be in crisi
- Page 181 and 182: II. PerspectivesNewton’s theory?
- Page 183 and 184: II. Perspectives19th century reveal
- Page 185 and 186: II. PerspectivesWhat are some scien
- Page 187 and 188: II. Perspectivesof Duesberg’s pap
- Page 189 and 190: II. Perspectivesis a highly simplif
- Page 191 and 192: II. Perspectivesterms: Symphony ofS
- Page 193 and 194: II. Perspectivesorigin story of gen
- Page 195 and 196: II. Perspectivestechnical debates i
- Page 197 and 198: II. Perspectivesfar this section ha
- Page 199 and 200: II. Perspectivesthe kind of problem
- Page 201 and 202: III. Methods and toolsthe scientifi
- Page 203 and 204: III. Methods and toolsunrecognized
- Page 205 and 206: III. Methods and toolshas a number
- Page 207 and 208: III. Methods and toolsthe link to t
- Page 209 and 210: IV. Ethicswas the wartime head of t
- Page 211 and 212: IV. Ethicsan essential, imperfect a
- Page 213 and 214: 8Human scienceschapter is about the
- Page 215 and 216: I. Scopeof an idea or theory coming
- Page 217 and 218: I. Scopecentral cause of the profes
- Page 219 and 220: I. Scopeidea of describing society
- Page 221 and 222: who had been placed at the ‘lower
- Page 223: explore perspectives on the existen
- Page 227 and 228: we look at the simplifications that
- Page 229 and 230: II. PerspectivesIII. Methods and to
- Page 231 and 232: III. Methods and toolslack of diver
- Page 233 and 234: III. Methods and toolssensitivity
- Page 235 and 236: III. Methods and toolsMargaret Mead
- Page 237 and 238: III. Methods and toolstheir presenc
- Page 239 and 240: III. Methods and toolstold Mahbub,
- Page 241 and 242: III. Methods and toolsY. Thinley, a
- Page 243 and 244: III. Methods and toolsis the scope
- Page 245 and 246: III. Methods and toolssignificant c
- Page 247 and 248: III. Methods and toolsIV. Ethics7 d
- Page 249 and 250: IV. Ethicschange … brings togethe
- Page 251 and 252: last example brings together ideas
- Page 253 and 254: to show it how it was.” This was
- Page 255 and 256: I. Scope7 raises the question of wh
- Page 257 and 258: I. Scopeis more than a matter of po
- Page 259 and 260: II. Perspectivesqustion w xplord in
- Page 261 and 262: was not alon in rflting dply aoutCa
- Page 263 and 264: II. Perspectiveshistorial ontxt, ut
- Page 265 and 266: of Yugoslavia and th Sovit Union;ra
- Page 267 and 268: II. Perspectivesor indpndnt shools
- Page 269 and 270: III. Methods and toolswith an intrs
- Page 271 and 272: III. Methods and toolshistorian, jo
- Page 273 and 274: III. Methods and toolsinstad of oth
II. Perspectives
allegations of scientific misconduct in
The
Stanford Prison experiment, and the
the
concerns about Milgram’s
methodological
experiments, are part of a big
obedience
of the reliability of psychology’s
re-evaluation
findings. We explore more of
best-known
in III.6. It may come to be known as the
this
scientific controversy of the 2010s, but
biggest
at this scale in a discipline is
self-questioning
unprecedented. As II.2 below explains,
hardly
about a quarter of a century a debate ragedin
for
that spilled beyond academia to
anthropology
Mead was the most famous
Margaret
of the 20th century. Indeed,
anthropologist
the time of her death in 1978 she had
by
synonymous with the field of cultural
become
She was the “Mother to the
anthropology.
according to Time magazine (1969), and
World”
of the Presidential Medal of Freedom,
recipient
highest civilian honour in the United
the
Taking visible positions in society and
States.
civil rights, gender equality and
championing
justice, she went beyond the call
environmental
academic duty to become a public icon. Mead
of
the standards for what it means to be a public
set
and was widely considered as
anthropologist
of the greats of the discipline already during
one
lifetime. Then there was controversy, as
her
it was major news in 1983, ve years after her
…
when Derek Freeman, a New Zealand-born
death,
published Margaret Mead and Samoa:
anthropologist,
Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological
The
a slashing attack criticizing Mead’s near-iconic
Myth,
as deeply awed if not deliberately distorted
study
promote ideas that had as much to do with her own
to
on sex and with American culture of the 1920s
views
the publication of Freeman’s book, an
Before
appeared on the front page of the New
article
taking an interest in the controversies of
media
narrow academic field. The episode became
a
divisive and exposed ideological fault
deeply
in academic anthropology as well as in
lines
Could it be that the power of culture
society.
shape human behaviour had been hugely
to
Figure 8.2 Margaret Mead dressed in traditional clothing during
attack on Mead’s anthropology also
Freeman’s
the liberalism and feminism of her
threatened
work. To understand why, we need a basic
civic
of the conflicting knowledge
understanding
that were made. Mead’s Coming of Age
claims
Samoa (1928) was a key development in the
in
debate. It claimed that while
nature-nurture
puberty was universal, the turmoil
biological
adolescence often said to accompany it was
of
product of culture. Mead offered a range
a
evidence for this, but there was one major
of
for many, and especially for Freeman.
concern
described Samoa as a sexually liberal
Mead
and claimed that this made puberty
culture
harmonious for young Samoans as
more
to their rebellious American peers.
compared
8
overstated for half acentury?
attract intense public interest foryears.
II.2 Of heroines and heretics
her time in Samoa
explained by anthropologist Paul Shankman:
as with adolescence in Polynesia.
(Shankman 2009)
York Times anticipating it, which showed mass
Freeman challenged this description of Samoan
218