Theory of Knowledge - Course Companion for Students Marija Uzunova Dang Arvin Singh Uzunov Dang
we talk about physics, biology,Whenmathematics, history, the visualeconomics,and psychology, we refer to domains ofartsthat are generally consistent andknowledgecoherent. This makes it possible tointernallyof one physics and one mathematics—buttalkwe talk about one Christianity or one Islamcanthe same way?inAslan's view on the matter in theConsiderof Islam:context… there is very little that Muslims“the world have in common witharoundother. … people will say, well, they alleachin the Qur’an, but … [t]he Qur’anbelievea scripture. ... And so people are goingiscome at it quite differently, dependingtotheir own prejudices and preconceivedonnotions.can say, well, but they don’t all prayYousame way? Well, no, actually theythedoes gender intersect with religion?Howare powerful dimensions of identity asBothas markers of power and privilege. Thewell“devout Muslim” and “feminist” aretermsimagined to be in opposition,stereotypicallyare clearly not necessarily so. This sectionbutat extracts about women in ChristianitylooksIslam, but is just a small window into a veryandall pray the same way. The Shia praydon’ttimes, the Sunni pray five times,threeis some difference in the rituals ofthereprayer. thedon’t they all follow Islamic law?Well,There’s six different schools of IslamicNo.and even within those schools, there’slaw,diversity of opinion, and idea.enormousdon’t they all believe that the sameWell,Don't they all believe there is nothing?but God, and Muhammed is God’sgodYes, but many of them think ofmessenger?have trouble even saying the wordII mean, the scholar in me wants to‘Islam.’an ‘s.’ Wants to say ‘Islams’.” (Aslanaddin Tippet 2014)quotedexists within many religions today.Pluralismhas it shown up in your context? What areHowimplications of variety and disagreementthereligions for religious knowledge?withinthe implications of religious doctrinetwofold:women in religious communities, as well asforrepresentation and prominence of womenthethe history of religious thought. As we moveinthis section, consider to what extentthroughin religious knowledge communities facewomenor different issues compared to womensimilarthe arts, in science and technology or in theinthis chapter considered how religion hasEarlier,over time, and continues to change, inchangedto forces of modernity. The status andresponseof women have also changed dramatically,rightsin the 20th century. To the extent thatparticularlyhas been a strong reaction against feminism,thereexample, it has at times been framed inforterms, around issues of reproductivereligiousand modesty. Consider, for example, thehealthlines from Genesis 3:16, which tellfollowingstory of God’s punishment of Adam andthe(thelines below refer only to Eve) for theirEveII. PerspectivesII. PerspectivesFor discussionDiversity of opinionthat phrase in vastly different ways.II.3 Women and religionhistorical profession.Original Sin.complex and important topic. The issue is at least149
what extent can we comprehend the wordsToin our present cultural and historicalaboveChapter 8 considers the long andmoment?history of the politics and science ofgenderedpain. The quote from Genesis provideswomen’sreligious perspective on this that is neitheranor divergent from the historicalsurprisingEven monarchs were not spared thisnarrative.the Church of England was unwillingtreatment:endorse Queen Victoria’s use of anestheticstogiving birth to her children. Reportedly,whileresponse was to take the anesthetics anyway.herdenial of women’s pain remains, bizarrely,Theissue in both science and society, and one thatanthe West, rising levels of divorce, teenInand single-parent households havepregnancybeen blamed on a “feminist” underminingalsothe sanctity of marriage, through birthofand women’s rights to choose whether,controland with whom to have children. Acrosswhensection illuminates some tensions andThisabout the extent to whichdisagreementsknowledge has changed overreligiousConsider how you would evaluate thetime.knowledge changes significantly“Religioustime.” overknowledge largely remains stable“Religioustime.” overWhat kind of examples and arguments1.you offer in support of each of thesecanclass, religion and political affiliationcontexts,collided over the issue of women’s rights.haveaccording to Rebecca Chopp, aHowever,theologian, the institution of marriagefeministChristianity has been transformed manyinthrough history, including recent Northtimeshistory. She asserts that men andAmericanlived shorter lives in the 19th century,womenthat the average American marriage lastedandthan ten years. Step-parenting, secondlessand blended families were commonmarriagesup until the 1950s, at which point a newevenof stable nuclear families was adopted intoidealculture. That ideal has been crumbling for aUSof years. As Chopp puts it, there is nonumbertradition”—marriage has been reinvented“onetimes. The introduction and widemultipleof contraceptive pills, for example,acceptanceshifted the foundations of marriage.profoundlyintimacy that formed and sustainedTheand the legal structures that formedmarriages,it, were no longer tightly bound. To put itaroundphysical intimacy was suddenly possiblesimply,very low risk outside of marriage and withinatthere was more choice about how manymarriageto have and when.childrenAnalyse and evaluate the evidence. What2.you say about the factors that influencecan(a) What conclusion can you draw based3.your analysis?onIn TOK you will be asked to draw(b)between different types ofcomparisonsHow does your conclusionknowledge.religious knowledge compare toaboutyou might be able to say aboutwhator Indigenous knowledge?scientific6II. Perspectivesthe woman the Lord God said, I will greatly increaseTopains in childbearing and in pain you shallyourforth children. Yet your desire shall be for yourbringand he shall rule over you.husband,3:16)(Genesiscommunities have responded byReligiousmarriage support systems and pro-providingmarriage, pro-family, pro-abstinence movements.may be partly rooted in religious assumptions.Practising skills: Evaluating claimsthe extent of the change over time?following claims.claims?150
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we talk about physics, biology,
When
mathematics, history, the visual
economics,
and psychology, we refer to domains of
arts
that are generally consistent and
knowledge
coherent. This makes it possible to
internally
of one physics and one mathematics—but
talk
we talk about one Christianity or one Islam
can
the same way?
in
Aslan's view on the matter in the
Consider
of Islam:
context
… there is very little that Muslims
“
the world have in common with
around
other. … people will say, well, they all
each
in the Qur’an, but … [t]he Qur’an
believe
a scripture. ... And so people are going
is
come at it quite differently, depending
to
their own prejudices and preconceived
on
notions.
can say, well, but they don’t all pray
You
same way? Well, no, actually they
the
does gender intersect with religion?
How
are powerful dimensions of identity as
Both
as markers of power and privilege. The
well
“devout Muslim” and “feminist” are
terms
imagined to be in opposition,
stereotypically
are clearly not necessarily so. This section
but
at extracts about women in Christianity
looks
Islam, but is just a small window into a very
and
all pray the same way. The Shia pray
don’t
times, the Sunni pray five times,
three
is some difference in the rituals of
there
prayer. the
don’t they all follow Islamic law?
Well,
There’s six different schools of Islamic
No.
and even within those schools, there’s
law,
diversity of opinion, and idea.
enormous
don’t they all believe that the same
Well,
Don't they all believe there is no
thing?
but God, and Muhammed is God’s
god
Yes, but many of them think of
messenger?
have trouble even saying the word
I
I mean, the scholar in me wants to
‘Islam.’
an ‘s.’ Wants to say ‘Islams’.” (Aslan
add
in Tippet 2014)
quoted
exists within many religions today.
Pluralism
has it shown up in your context? What are
How
implications of variety and disagreement
the
religions for religious knowledge?
within
the implications of religious doctrine
twofold:
women in religious communities, as well as
for
representation and prominence of women
the
the history of religious thought. As we move
in
this section, consider to what extent
through
in religious knowledge communities face
women
or different issues compared to women
similar
the arts, in science and technology or in the
in
this chapter considered how religion has
Earlier,
over time, and continues to change, in
changed
to forces of modernity. The status and
response
of women have also changed dramatically,
rights
in the 20th century. To the extent that
particularly
has been a strong reaction against feminism,
there
example, it has at times been framed in
for
terms, around issues of reproductive
religious
and modesty. Consider, for example, the
health
lines from Genesis 3:16, which tell
following
story of God’s punishment of Adam and
the
(thelines below refer only to Eve) for their
Eve
II. Perspectives
II. Perspectives
For discussion
Diversity of opinion
that phrase in vastly different ways.
II.3 Women and religion
historical profession.
Original Sin.
complex and important topic. The issue is at least
149