Theory of Knowledge - Course Companion for Students Marija Uzunova Dang Arvin Singh Uzunov Dang
sn th dominan of English inHavingshools and itis, you may alsointrnationalnotid how this affts th tasts and normshavmusi, art and soial lif. Whil th gloalofand rah of English is undnial, so issopolonial natur. Considr th pom y Shailjaitslow. To what xtnt is th dominan ofPatlthat sh dsris dlining ovr tim?EnglishListn:fathr spaks Urdu,myof daning paoks,languagfountains –roswatrits urss ar autiful.vnspaks Hindi,Hand mlodi,suavPunjai,arthyas saag panr,salty-rihSwahili lad with Arai.oastalspaks Gujarati,Hanstral prid.solidlanguags,Fivdiffrnt worlds.fivEnglish Ytshrinkshimdownth languags spokn in diffrntConsidringof th world, and y whom, an providpartswith lus aout how popl partiipatd inusolonial nountr. Hr w fous on English,ththr may othr loal xampls that ar asutto onsidr with rgard to th rol ofintrstingin th olonial projt. Many languagslanguagtras of thir past and lus aout howarrywr afftd y th military and onomithyof mpirs.powrof British India, for xampl, ontinuTras hard today in th adn of IndiantoThr is also “Hinglish”—spokn othEnglish.th Indian diaspora and English-spakrsyIndia—a form of od-swithing twnwithinEnglish and Hindi words in th span of ausingSin it rquirs a lvl of omptnsntn.oth languags, Hinglish an simultanouslyina way to rlaim th olonists’ languag as antongu of indpndnt India, as wll as tooffiialan immigrant idntity in English-spakingassrtIn Hinglish it is not words suh asontxts.“jungl”, “vranda”, “ungalow”,“dinghy”,or “pyjamas” that w ar listning“shampoo”Ths ntrd th English languagfor.muh arlir. Thir story—and thatmainstramothr words that did not quit stik—is toldofth 1886 Hobson-Jobson, a glossary providinginwindow into British India through th us ofaWhat w ar listning for, rathr, islanguag.way of spaking English, ld y spakrsanothrHindi in diffrnt ontxts around th world,ofan assrtion of idntity, solidarity and ulturalingatkping.Vitorians on th suontinnt wrWhilwith xitmnt th nuans of loalxploringntring English, thousands of hildrn inwordsountris around th world had thirolonizdwashd with soap for using thir nativmouthsin shools. Th mpir’s languag,languagsthrough shooling, was on of thimposdof olonization. And so onsquntly,waponsmany post-olonial ontxts, languaginand ontinus to a sit of strugglamliration and dolonization. Howvr,foris not as simpl as dfying th olonizr’sitFollowing indpndn manylanguag.inluding India, ontinud to nfornations,tahing of an offiial “mothr tongu” in ththprojt, displaing Indignousnation-uildingII. PerspectivesII. PerspectivesII.3 Language and colonizationHobson-JobsonCompiled over 14 years by two polymaths andlanguage enthusiasts who served with the East IndiaCompany, Hobson-Jobson is part-dictionary, partjournal.Fascinating for its representations, as wellas its telling omissions, Hobson-Jobson betrays thesometimes simultaneously confused, curious andcondescending attitudes of colonists.for whit mnTakn from Migritude (Patl 2010)99
II. Perspectivesin th pross. At th tim of India’slanguagsfor xampl, dpnding on whrindpndn,found yourslf on th suontinnt, Hindiyouas forign as English and was mt withwasrsistan, spially in South India.widspradld to th Offiial Languags At of 1963,Thisnald English to usd indfinitlywhihoffiial purposs, and xplains why Englishforto on of India’s two offiialontinuslanguags.Knyan writr and post-olonial thoristThwa Thiong’o hampiond writing inNgũgĩlanguags of Afria, arguing that using ththlanguags as a litrary mdiumolonizrs’to dntr th mpir and affirms itsfailsovr th “mntal univrs of thhgmony(Thiong’o 1986). For Ngũgĩ waolonizd”it was important to ngag in thThiong’o,rsistan through writing andanti-imprialistLoal languags wr still a way torading.partiular forms of knowldg orallytransfrth hom, ut authoritativ knowldginto writtn down and rad, spiallytnddduational institutions, and for thisinh argud it must availal in loalrasonlanguags.diffrnt approah, alit towards similarAwas usd y post-olonial sholars whogoals,th olonizrs’ languags as aappropriatdtati. It is somtims rfrrd tosuvrsivth mpir “writing ak” to th imprialasWriting in English, Frnh or Spanish,ntr.sholars hallngd th dominantthsand rprsntations of th olonizdthorisworking from within th systm. Writingyth olonizrs’ languags also naldinamong gographially disprsdsolidaritydivrs formr olonis.andlinguistiallyit is not unommon for post-olonialAndso,or Indignous languag onfrnsstudis ntirly arrid out in th languags oftoolonizrs.formrhuman apaity for languag is tid upThqustions of moral haratr, intlltualwithgrim history of languag and th daftimsa poignant as study. Prsntly thrprsntsovr 200 sign-languag ommunitis aroundarworld, ah rgardd as having a fullthfrom a linguisti standpoint, with itslanguaggrammatial ruls. Th main diffrn isownsign languags ar omposd of gstursthatommuniatd visually, whras spoknandar voalizd. Gathrd around thslanguagsar ommunitis of knowrs andlanguagsBing daf or partially daf dos not“spakrs”.mak somon a mmr of dafautomatiallyInstad, mmrship in daf ulturultur.dtrmind y ommuniation in a signdisas wll as shard norms, lifs, valuslanguag,attituds.andhistory of daf ultur holds lssons for howThundrstanding of languag has shiftd ovrourwith profound impliations. In som daftim,around th world, duation is fousdshoolstahing hildrn lip-rading and oral sph,onordr for thm to ttr al to intgratinth haring ommunity. This approah,withoralism, dats ak to th lat 19thalldwhn th mdial profssion proposdntury,r-duation of thos rfrrd to at th tima“daf-muts”, a trm widly onsidrdastoday. Th oralist approah displadoffnsivpratis of signd languag,long-standingdotors idntifid as a aus of isolation,whihaout dafnss undr th authority ofSpakingand mdiin, haring individuals wrsinto dfin th rlationships twn languagalth daf or partially daf, as on of dfiit,anda handiap, physial disaility, a prolm toasurd y inrasingly laorat instrumnts.idas ontinud to shap th knowldgThswas produd and shard in variousthatrgarding haring and dafnss fordisiplinsof th 20th ntury. Among th variousmostof th oralist approah is th thrat thatritiismsposs to th daf ommunity, whr dafnssitsn positivly, as th asis for a ultur andisdissmination of knowldg using signthAn xampl of th omplxity andlanguag.of sign languag in daf ultur issophistiation4or mor mildly, a wast of tim.II.4 Deaf culture and signed languagesaility and prsonhood. Th trould and atxplord low.100
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II. Perspectives
in th pross. At th tim of India’s
languags
for xampl, dpnding on whr
indpndn,
found yourslf on th suontinnt, Hindi
you
as forign as English and was mt with
was
rsistan, spially in South India.
widsprad
ld to th Offiial Languags At of 1963,
This
nald English to usd indfinitly
whih
offiial purposs, and xplains why English
for
to on of India’s two offiial
ontinus
languags.
Knyan writr and post-olonial thorist
Th
wa Thiong’o hampiond writing in
Ngũgĩ
languags of Afria, arguing that using th
th
languags as a litrary mdium
olonizrs’
to dntr th mpir and affirms its
fails
ovr th “mntal univrs of th
hgmony
(Thiong’o 1986). For Ngũgĩ wa
olonizd”
it was important to ngag in th
Thiong’o,
rsistan through writing and
anti-imprialist
Loal languags wr still a way to
rading.
partiular forms of knowldg orally
transfr
th hom, ut authoritativ knowldg
in
to writtn down and rad, spially
tndd
duational institutions, and for this
in
h argud it must availal in loal
rason
languags.
diffrnt approah, alit towards similar
A
was usd y post-olonial sholars who
goals,
th olonizrs’ languags as a
appropriatd
tati. It is somtims rfrrd to
suvrsiv
th mpir “writing ak” to th imprial
as
Writing in English, Frnh or Spanish,
ntr.
sholars hallngd th dominant
ths
and rprsntations of th olonizd
thoris
working from within th systm. Writing
y
th olonizrs’ languags also nald
in
among gographially disprsd
solidarity
divrs formr olonis.
andlinguistially
it is not unommon for post-olonial
Andso,
or Indignous languag onfrns
studis
ntirly arrid out in th languags of
to
olonizrs.
formr
human apaity for languag is tid up
Th
qustions of moral haratr, intlltual
with
grim history of languag and th daf
tims
a poignant as study. Prsntly thr
prsnts
ovr 200 sign-languag ommunitis around
ar
world, ah rgardd as having a full
th
from a linguisti standpoint, with its
languag
grammatial ruls. Th main diffrn is
own
sign languags ar omposd of gsturs
that
ommuniatd visually, whras spokn
and
ar voalizd. Gathrd around ths
languags
ar ommunitis of knowrs and
languags
Bing daf or partially daf dos not
“spakrs”.
mak somon a mmr of daf
automatially
Instad, mmrship in daf ultur
ultur.
dtrmind y ommuniation in a signd
is
as wll as shard norms, lifs, valus
languag,
attituds.
and
history of daf ultur holds lssons for how
Th
undrstanding of languag has shiftd ovr
our
with profound impliations. In som daf
tim,
around th world, duation is fousd
shools
tahing hildrn lip-rading and oral sph,
on
ordr for thm to ttr al to intgrat
in
th haring ommunity. This approah,
with
oralism, dats ak to th lat 19th
alld
whn th mdial profssion proposd
ntury,
r-duation of thos rfrrd to at th tim
a
“daf-muts”, a trm widly onsidrd
as
today. Th oralist approah displad
offnsiv
pratis of signd languag,
long-standing
dotors idntifid as a aus of isolation,
whih
aout dafnss undr th authority of
Spaking
and mdiin, haring individuals wr
sin
to dfin th rlationships twn languag
al
th daf or partially daf, as on of dfiit,
and
a handiap, physial disaility, a prolm to
as
urd y inrasingly laorat instrumnts.
idas ontinud to shap th knowldg
Ths
was produd and shard in various
that
rgarding haring and dafnss for
disiplins
of th 20th ntury. Among th various
most
of th oralist approah is th thrat that
ritiisms
poss to th daf ommunity, whr dafnss
it
sn positivly, as th asis for a ultur and
is
dissmination of knowldg using sign
th
An xampl of th omplxity and
languag.
of sign languag in daf ultur is
sophistiation
4
or mor mildly, a wast of tim.
II.4 Deaf culture and signed languages
aility and prsonhood. Th trould and at
xplord low.
100