Assessment of Potential Indicator Species for Monitoring ...

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Plan. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was funded by Environment Canada under the Fraser River Action We gratefully acknowledge the support of Colin Gray of Canadian Wildlife Service, and the computer literature search and compilation of toxicological references by Marti Wolfe of Toxicology Task Force, Philomath, Oregon. Christine Bishop was very helpful in sending us copies of reports and other reference material. Stan Orchard provided valuable information specific to amphibians. The editorial work by Shelagh Bucknell is also appreciated. vi
1. INTRODUCTION Scientists face a difficult task when attempting to select the most appropriate indicator species to monitor for the presence or effects of environmental contaminants. The ideal indicator species should possess certain qualities relevant to the goals of a contaminant monitoring program. First, it should reside throughout the study region with individuals completing life cycles within a comparatively small area. There should be adequate documentation of the species’ ecology, with references to diet, nesting behaviour and historic abundance. For practical purposes, locating and collecting of samples must be relatively easy without involving unnecessary disturbance to the surrounding ecosystem and its inhabitants. Finally, it is also highly desirable that the species (or other closely related species), be amenable to captive breeding and rearing as this would facilitate its controlled study over successive generations. An investigator must also be able to relate the species' ecology with contaminant chemistry. This is necessary to determine first, which species to monitor, and second, the type of sample to collect. For example, when monitoring a contaminant which accumulates in river or lake-bed sediments, a benthic invertebrate may be a better choice over a surface-dwelling predator. Similarly, it is important that the most relevant form of a sample be collected (eggs, tissues, blood, etc.). There may be little value in a tissue sample from a migratory bird immediately following its return from a distant habitat. However, in a few weeks, examination of residues in chicks of the same species may provide a better indication of local environmental contaminant levels. There have been a few studies describing criteria used in the selection of indicator species (Moore, 1966; Butler et al., 1971; Ryder and Edwards, 1985; Noble and Elliott, 1986; Hebert et al., 1993). The purpose of this study was to develop an adapted criteria list specifically for use in contaminant monitoring within the aquatic ecosystem of the Fraser River Basin, British Columbia. Based on the extent to which a species met criteria requirements, it was possible to derive a list ranking the capability of a range of resident avian, mammalian, and amphibian species to serve as indicators of basin contamination. It should be emphasized that the results of this study are not comprehensive and that species scores should serve only as a guide in any selection process. 2.1 Study Species and Area 2. METHODS Fifty-seven species from the taxonomic classes Aves, Mammalia, and Amphibia, were selected for consideration as potential indicators of environmental contamination. All of the species currently breed within the Fraser River Basin and all are part of the aquatic food chain. Herbivores were generally avoided as there is less evidence supporting 1
Page 2 and 3: Assessment Of Potential Indicator S
Page 4 and 5: ABSTRACT Fifty seven species of amp
Page 6 and 7: TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........
Page 10 and 11: ioaccumulation of chemical contamin
Page 12 and 13: Criterion 2 - Understanding and Doc
Page 14: cases actual tissue samples may be
Page 22 and 23: criterion, while others were given
Page 25 and 26: 4.0 CONCLUSIONS The choice of an ap
Page 27 and 28: mutagenic The property of a chemica
Page 29 and 30: ROUGH-SKINNED NEWT Taricha granulos
Page 31 and 32: 2b. Habitat selection is well docum
Page 33 and 34: 2d. Migration behaviour is well doc
Page 35 and 36: 4b. Captive breeding possible and w
Page 37 and 38: 2c. Breeding biology is well unders
Page 39 and 40: 4b. Captive breeding possible and w
Page 41 and 42: 1b. Broad distribution? Yes. 1c. Co
Page 43 and 44: stocks. Tadpoles turn into tiny fro
Page 45 and 46: AMERICAN BULLFROG Rana catesbeiana
Page 47 and 48: 2e. Information on historic abundan
Page 49 and 50: WOOD FROG Rana sylvatica 1a. Presen
Page 51 and 52: APPENDIX 2 CLASS AVES Species are o
Page 53 and 54: areas are the northern end of the S
Page 55 and 56: 5a. Is there historic information o
Page 57 and 58: 1b. Broad distribution? Yes, a wide
Page 59 and 60:
2b. Habitat selection is well docum
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disturbance associated with power b
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The number of colony sites in the i
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4a. Captive rearing possible and we
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5c. Have biological effects for thi
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LESSER SCAUP Aythya affinis 1a. Pre
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included: Crustaceans (Hemigrapsus,
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in the nests of other White-winged
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1,248 Common Goldeneyes wintering i
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2d. Migration behaviour is well doc
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3a. Can nests or animals be easily
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5b. Has this species been used in c
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1e. Proportion of diet within the a
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2b. Habitat selection is well docum
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nests which are used in alternate y
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early as March although the main mo
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CLIFF SWALLOW Hirundo pyrrhonota 1a
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BIG BROWN BAT Eptesicus fuscus 1a.
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2c. Breeding biology is well unders
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1b. Broad distribution? Yes (see ma
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Page 109 and 110:
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1b. Broad distribution? No, located
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crevices in rocks, cliffs, fissures
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2e. Information on historic abundan
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4b. Captive breeding possible and w
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RIVER OTTER Lontra canadensis 1a. P
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1d. Proportion of diet within the a
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BIBLIOGRAPHIC INDEX SELECTION CRITE
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HARLEQUIN Biological references B25
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BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS STUDIES BARN SWA
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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY A1) Aldridge
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Keywords: feeding, reproduction, fe
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Abstract: Development of new repell
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microsomes were prepared from the h
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B15) Blancher, P.J. and D.K. McNich
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B21) Borst, H.A. and C.G. Lieshout.
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ubripes) and Mallard (Anas platyrhy
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Abstract - Five criteria by which t
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C11) Clark, D.R., Jr. and B.A. Ratt
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C18) Crum, J.A., S.J. Bursian, R.J.
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Key Words: Anas platyrhynchos, Anas
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Summary: A comprehensive review of
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comparison between samples from aci
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Grebe had 4-fold higher PCB SIGMADD
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treating rice seed with either of t
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has also seen increased human use o
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Hanford has increased in recent yea
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Summary: Growth rates, physical fea
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greater than those coming into the
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project adversely affected any bats
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H19) Herold, H. 1990. Freshwater fi
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Key Words: heep, copyright: biol ab
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identified during 212 hours of dire
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Keywords: Agelaius phoeniceus, test
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Abstract: This report presents a pa
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Abstract: Tissues (71 liver, 2 musc
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In surviving birds, overt signs of
Page 183 and 184:
not always hold true. It also indic
Page 185 and 186:
investigated the degree of fluctuat
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O2) Offerhaus, L. 1991. [Halcion: r
Page 189 and 190:
a national monitoring strategy. Occ
Page 191 and 192:
ood sizes smaller, and nestling gro
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O19) O’Shea, T.J. and T.E. Kaiser
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P10) Presser, T.S. and H.M. Ohlendo
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The PCBs in sediments and fish clos
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Summary: This study describes and c
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derivatives, Mirex, Pentachlorobenz
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S15) Stalmaster, M. 1987. The Bald
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accumulation period and declined ab
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S29) Swift, B.L., R.E. Foley and G.
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eeding ecology of all dippers that
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W2) Wiberg, K., C. Rappe and P. Hag
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1980-84, DDE, PCB, and mercury conc
Page 215 and 216:
W17) Wren, C.D., Fischer K.L. and P
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