Assessment of Potential Indicator Species for Monitoring ...

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1c. Common in Fraser Basin? No, occurs only in the lower Fraser Valley at Cultus and Chilliwack Lakes. 1d. Proportion of diet within the aquatic food web. Metamorphosed adults will feed on slugs, insects, frogs, other salamanders, garter snakes and occasionally small mammals. Larvae and neotenic adults prey on other terrestrial and aquatic insects, sculpins, salmonids and amphibian larvae (Orchard 1984; Green and Campbell 1984). 2a. Has the home range of the species been described? No. 2b. Habitat selection is well documented? The Pacific Giant Salamander is the only stream-dwelling salamander in B.C. It is associated with cold permanent streams, rivers and lakes surrounded by unlogged mature Douglas-fir and Big-leaf Maple forests on the slopes of hills and mountains. These salamanders rarely venture far from clear, fast-flowing creeks and usually hide under logs or rocks by streams (Green and Campbell 1984). Larvae hide under stones in streams, rivers and lakes and forage by night (Orchard 1984). 2c. Breeding biology is well understood? Breed in spring. Eggs are laid in water where they are deposited in underground springs. Eggs are colourless and the female usually remains with them until they hatch in the fall (Orchard 1984). Larvae are aquatic and grow slowly and may transform in their second or third year or they may remain as neotenes. Neoteny is very common in this species, in fact metamorphosed adults are comparatively rare (Orchard pers. comm. 1994). 2d. Migration behaviour is well documented? Non-migratory. 2e. Information on historic abundance? No. 3a. Can nests or animal be easily located? No, locating egg masses would be very difficult and very disruptive, however, collecting larvae or neotenes might be possible. 3b. Can samples be easily collected? Collecting eggs would be very difficult. Collecting larvae and neotenes would be possible, however, the species is 'red listed' which may mean that collecting specimens would not be appropriate at all. 4a. Captive rearing possible and well understood? Insufficient information. 26
4b. Captive breeding possible and well understood? Insufficient information. 5a. Is there historic information on contaminant burdens in the Fraser Basin? No. 5b. Has this species been used in contaminant studies in other regions? No. 5c. Have biological effects for this species been studied? No. ENSATINA SALAMANDER Ensatina eschscholtzii 1a. Present in the Fraser Basin year-round? Yes. 1b. Broad distribution? No. 1c. Common in the Fraser Basin? No, only up the Fraser River until just past Hope (Orchard 1984). 1d. Proportion of diet within the aquatic food web. Sowbugs, mites, earthworms, spiders and many other types of insects (Orchard 1984). 2a. Has the home range of the species been described? No. 2b. Habitat selection is well documented? Never resorts to water. Prefers damp Douglas-fir forests with loose well-drained substrate (Orchard 1984). 2c. Breeding biology is well understood? Mating seems to occur in early spring. Eggs are laid in late spring. These are clusters of colourless eggs. They are placed in underground chambers or in rotted logs. One parent broods the eggs all summer. The eggs hatch in fall and are fully developed (Green and Campbell 1984; Orchard pers. comm. 1994). 2d. Migration behaviour is well documented? Non-migratory. 2e. Information on historic abundance? No. 27
Page 2 and 3: Assessment Of Potential Indicator S
Page 4 and 5: ABSTRACT Fifty seven species of amp
Page 6 and 7: TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........
Page 8 and 9: Plan. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project
Page 10 and 11: ioaccumulation of chemical contamin
Page 12 and 13: Criterion 2 - Understanding and Doc
Page 14: cases actual tissue samples may be
Page 22 and 23: criterion, while others were given
Page 25 and 26: 4.0 CONCLUSIONS The choice of an ap
Page 27 and 28: mutagenic The property of a chemica
Page 29 and 30: ROUGH-SKINNED NEWT Taricha granulos
Page 31 and 32: 2b. Habitat selection is well docum
Page 33: 2d. Migration behaviour is well doc
Page 37 and 38: 2c. Breeding biology is well unders
Page 39 and 40: 4b. Captive breeding possible and w
Page 41 and 42: 1b. Broad distribution? Yes. 1c. Co
Page 43 and 44: stocks. Tadpoles turn into tiny fro
Page 45 and 46: AMERICAN BULLFROG Rana catesbeiana
Page 47 and 48: 2e. Information on historic abundan
Page 49 and 50: WOOD FROG Rana sylvatica 1a. Presen
Page 51 and 52: APPENDIX 2 CLASS AVES Species are o
Page 53 and 54: areas are the northern end of the S
Page 55 and 56: 5a. Is there historic information o
Page 57 and 58: 1b. Broad distribution? Yes, a wide
Page 59 and 60: 2b. Habitat selection is well docum
Page 61 and 62: disturbance associated with power b
Page 63 and 64: The number of colony sites in the i
Page 65 and 66: 4a. Captive rearing possible and we
Page 67 and 68: 5c. Have biological effects for thi
Page 69 and 70: LESSER SCAUP Aythya affinis 1a. Pre
Page 71 and 72: included: Crustaceans (Hemigrapsus,
Page 73 and 74: in the nests of other White-winged
Page 75 and 76: 1,248 Common Goldeneyes wintering i
Page 77 and 78: 2d. Migration behaviour is well doc
Page 79 and 80: 3a. Can nests or animals be easily
Page 81 and 82: 5b. Has this species been used in c
Page 83 and 84: 1e. Proportion of diet within the a
Page 85 and 86:
2b. Habitat selection is well docum
Page 87 and 88:
nests which are used in alternate y
Page 89 and 90:
early as March although the main mo
Page 91 and 92:
4a. Captive rearing possible and we
Page 93 and 94:
CLIFF SWALLOW Hirundo pyrrhonota 1a
Page 95 and 96:
2d. Migration behaviour is well doc
Page 97 and 98:
5c. Have biological effects for thi
Page 99 and 100:
BIG BROWN BAT Eptesicus fuscus 1a.
Page 101 and 102:
2c. Breeding biology is well unders
Page 103 and 104:
4a. Captive rearing possible and we
Page 105 and 106:
1b. Broad distribution? Yes (see ma
Page 107 and 108:
2d. Migration behaviour is well doc
Page 109 and 110:
5c. Have biological effects for thi
Page 111 and 112:
1b. Broad distribution? No, located
Page 113 and 114:
crevices in rocks, cliffs, fissures
Page 115 and 116:
2e. Information on historic abundan
Page 117 and 118:
4b. Captive breeding possible and w
Page 119 and 120:
RIVER OTTER Lontra canadensis 1a. P
Page 121 and 122:
1d. Proportion of diet within the a
Page 123 and 124:
BIBLIOGRAPHIC INDEX SELECTION CRITE
Page 125 and 126:
HARLEQUIN Biological references B25
Page 127 and 128:
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS STUDIES BARN SWA
Page 129 and 130:
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY A1) Aldridge
Page 131 and 132:
Keywords: feeding, reproduction, fe
Page 133 and 134:
Abstract: Development of new repell
Page 135 and 136:
microsomes were prepared from the h
Page 137 and 138:
B15) Blancher, P.J. and D.K. McNich
Page 139 and 140:
B21) Borst, H.A. and C.G. Lieshout.
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ubripes) and Mallard (Anas platyrhy
Page 143 and 144:
Abstract - Five criteria by which t
Page 145 and 146:
C11) Clark, D.R., Jr. and B.A. Ratt
Page 147 and 148:
C18) Crum, J.A., S.J. Bursian, R.J.
Page 149 and 150:
Key Words: Anas platyrhynchos, Anas
Page 151 and 152:
Summary: A comprehensive review of
Page 153 and 154:
comparison between samples from aci
Page 155 and 156:
Grebe had 4-fold higher PCB SIGMADD
Page 157 and 158:
treating rice seed with either of t
Page 159 and 160:
has also seen increased human use o
Page 161 and 162:
Hanford has increased in recent yea
Page 163 and 164:
Summary: Growth rates, physical fea
Page 165 and 166:
greater than those coming into the
Page 167 and 168:
project adversely affected any bats
Page 169 and 170:
H19) Herold, H. 1990. Freshwater fi
Page 171 and 172:
Key Words: heep, copyright: biol ab
Page 173 and 174:
identified during 212 hours of dire
Page 175 and 176:
Keywords: Agelaius phoeniceus, test
Page 177 and 178:
Abstract: This report presents a pa
Page 179 and 180:
Abstract: Tissues (71 liver, 2 musc
Page 181 and 182:
In surviving birds, overt signs of
Page 183 and 184:
not always hold true. It also indic
Page 185 and 186:
investigated the degree of fluctuat
Page 187 and 188:
O2) Offerhaus, L. 1991. [Halcion: r
Page 189 and 190:
a national monitoring strategy. Occ
Page 191 and 192:
ood sizes smaller, and nestling gro
Page 193 and 194:
O19) O’Shea, T.J. and T.E. Kaiser
Page 195 and 196:
P10) Presser, T.S. and H.M. Ohlendo
Page 197 and 198:
The PCBs in sediments and fish clos
Page 199 and 200:
Summary: This study describes and c
Page 201 and 202:
derivatives, Mirex, Pentachlorobenz
Page 203 and 204:
S15) Stalmaster, M. 1987. The Bald
Page 205 and 206:
accumulation period and declined ab
Page 207 and 208:
S29) Swift, B.L., R.E. Foley and G.
Page 209 and 210:
eeding ecology of all dippers that
Page 211 and 212:
W2) Wiberg, K., C. Rappe and P. Hag
Page 213 and 214:
1980-84, DDE, PCB, and mercury conc
Page 215 and 216:
W17) Wren, C.D., Fischer K.L. and P
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