Nutri News September 2022

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29 Nutrigenetics and how it affects my life! By: Graciela Llanos Becerra, Daniela Guerrero Rodríguez & Fabiola Márquez Sandoval Have you ever wondered why the same diet doesn't work for all people? Why despite following a similar eating style, some people more susceptible to developing some diseases? Why do some people gain weight more easily than others? or why do some people find it harder to lose weight? Answers to these and other questions may be in our genes, and the study of nutrigenetics can help us to find them. Nutrigenetics is the science that studies the genes-nutrient relationship; specifically, it explores how each person responds to nutrients according to their genetic profile. A genetic profile is the set of genes that each person possesses. A person has between 20,000 and 25,000 genes within DNA that are inherited from parents. More than 99% of genes are similar from one person to another, which means that less than 1% of these are different between people. These slight genetic variations make each person unique. In genes, we can find all characteristics that determine our physical appearance, our way of being, and how we respond to stimuli like food's nutrients. In this way, nutrigenetics helps us know if our genetic variations influence how we respond to nutrients in the diet, what our nutrient requirements are, and if we are predisposed to developing diseases of nutritional origin. The main objective of nutrigenetics is to achieve personalized nutrition, that is, to provide the amount and type of nutrient that each person needs.
30 Nutrigenetics application can be clearly seen in diseases originating from a single gene mutation. A classic example is galactosemia disease; people affected by this mutation cannot properly process a type of sugar called galactose, so galactose builds up in the blood and is toxic. People with galactosemia benefit from diets low in galactose, which is found in foods like milk and dairy products. This is an example that nutrigenetics can be very useful in providing each person with a tailored diet according to their genetic profile. However, the challenge is in treating multifactorial diseases, which represent the leading causes of death globally like obesity, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. The development of these diseases depends on genetic and external factors, like physical inactivity, consumption of toxic substances, environmental pollution, and type of diet. A genetic factor only increases disease susceptibility, but it does not mean that disease will develop. Considering the complexity of multifactorial diseases, would nutrigenetics be equally useful to treat this type of disease? Would it be correct to carry out dietary interventions using only the genetic component? Should nutrigenetics be integrated into clinical practice? Are we ready for it? The reality is that nutrigenetics cannot be applied at this moment rigorously and in isolation because personalized nutrition not only depends on our genetic profile, but there are also many other factors such as psycho-emotional, social factors, and other external factors previously mentioned. Therefore, knowing the genetic profile it's not enough to create new interventions or nutritional recommendations. So, which would be the utility for nutrigenetics in our present? On the one hand, knowing about the genetic risk for certain diseases can be a motivator to make lifestyle changes and thus prevent the development of diseases. On the other hand, nutrigenetics could be helpful to people who do not respond to specific dietetic treatments; in this sense, it could help modify the strategy to provide a more precise and efficient treatment. In conclusion, the information that offers nutrigenetic science is essential to provide a more precise and efficient nutritional intervention and predict the predisposition to future health problems, which represents a promising preventive tool. However, it is crucial to consider that the ideal diet for each person should not only consider the genetic factor because diet depends on other non-biological factors like food availability, psychosocial, cultural, and economic factors. For this reason, other disciplines should support nutrigenetics and be made up of a multidisciplinary team that correctly translates the scientific information into nutritional counselling that provides real benefits for patients. References: 1. Camp KM, Trujillo E. Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: Nutritional genomics. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014;114(2):299-312. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.12.001 2. Peña-Romero AC, Navas-Carrillo D, Marín F, Orenes-Piñero E. The future of nutrition: Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics in obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2018;58(17):3030-3041. doi:10.1080/10408398.2017.1349731 3. Floris M, Cano A, Porru L, et al. Direct-to-consumer nutrigenetics testing: An overview. Nutrients. 2020;12(2):1-13. doi:10.3390/nu12020566 4. Vesnina A, Prosekov A, Kozlova O, Atuchin V. Genes and eating preferences, their roles in personalized nutrition. Genes (Basel). 2020;11(4). doi:10.3390/genes11040357 5. Barrea L, Annunziata G, Bordoni L, Muscogiuri G, Colao A, Savastano S. Nutrigenetics— personalized nutrition in obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Int J Obes Suppl. 2020;10(1):1- 13. doi:10.1038/s41367-020-0014-4 6. Guasch-Ferré M, Dashti HS, Merino J. Nutritional genomics and direct-to-consumer genetic testing: An overview. Adv Nutr. 2018;9(2):128-135. doi:10.1093/advances/nmy001 7. Ferguson LR, De Caterina R, Görman U, et al. Guide and Position of the International Society of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics on Personalised Nutrition: Part 1 - Fields of Precision Nutrition. J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics. 2016;9(1):12-27. doi:10.1159/000445350 8. Vallée Marcotte B, Cormier H, Garneau V, Robitaille J, Desroches S, Vohl MC. Current knowledge and interest of French Canadians regarding nutrigenetics. Genes Nutr. 2019;14(1):1-7. doi:10.1186/s12263-019-0629-7 9. Hannon BA, Khan NA, Teran-Garcia M. Nutrigenetic contributions to dyslipidemia: A focus on physiologically relevant pathways of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Nutrients. 2018;10(10). doi:10.3390/nu10101404 10. Kohlmeier M, De Caterina R, Ferguson LR, et al. Guide and Position of the International Society of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics on Personalized Nutrition: Part 2 - Ethics, Challenges and Endeavors of Precision Nutrition. J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics. 2016;9(1):28-46. doi:10.1159/000446347
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