CS Jul-Aug 2022

Computing 

Security 

Secure systems, secure data, secure people, secure business 

QUANTUM FACE-OFF 

The race for advantage has 

begun and it could get nasty 

NEWS 

OPINION 

INDUSTRY 

COMMENT 

CASE STUDIES 

PRODUCT REVIEWS 

WELL VERSED 

Interest in the metaverse is 

on the up and up, 

but what's it all about? 

BURNING AMBITIONS 

Cyber Power is being 

bigged up as the future 

great protector. Can it 

live up to that billing? 

UNREADY, STEADY, GO! 

Businesses invest heavily, 

but are still poorly prepared 

for ransomware attacks 

Computing Security July/August 2022

comment 

MAY THIS FORCE NOT BE WITH YOU 

The main feature on page 20 in this issue is focused on a topic that provokes a 

great deal of response, as it becomes an ever more malignant and increasingly 

sophisticated force: ransomware. 

As the National Cyber Security Centre advises: "Since there's no way to completely 

protect your organisation against malware infection, you should adopt a 'defence-indepth' 

approach. This means using layers of defence with several mitigations at each 

layer. You'll have more opportunities to detect malware, and then stop it before it 

causes real harm to your organisation. You should assume that some malware will 

infiltrate your organisation, so you can take steps to limit the impact this would cause 

and speed up your response." 

Amongst those in our article calling on organisations to adopt basic best practice, 

educate users and reinforce through repetition is Joseph Carson, chief security scientist 

and advisory CISO at Delinea: "Whether made by a public or private organisation, 

security processes should ultimately be the same and user access should be a top 

priority, given insider threats are the predominant cause of phishing and other 

breaches," he states. 

Meanhile, Richard Watson, EY Global & Asia-Pacific cybersecurity leader, says that 77% 

of security leaders have witnessed an increase in the number of disruptive attacks over 

the last year (according to the latest EY Global Information Security Survey). "Leaders 

need to put in place a comprehensive cybersecurity strategy that incorporates both 

technology and human elements," he says, "especially since phishing attacks take 

advantage of human vulnerabilities and weaknesses." 

It is a problem that will undoubtedly grow worse over time. Organisations need to 

devote the right resources to carefully thought-through strategies that will enable them 

to shield against the kinds of mayhem that ransomware is already leaving in its wake. 

Brian Wall 

Editor 

Computing Security 

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www.computingsecurity.co.uk July/August 2022 computing security 

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3


Computing Security July/August 2022 

contents 

CONTENTS 

Computing 

Security 

QUANTUM FACE-OFF 

The race for advantage has 

begun and it could get nasty 

BURNING AMBITIONS 

Cyber Power is being 

bigged up as the future 

great protector. Can it 

live up to that billing? 

NEWS 

OPINION 

INDUSTRY 

COMMENT 

CASE STUDIES 

PRODUCT REVIEWS 

WELL VERSED 

Interest in the metaverse is 

on the up and up, 

but what's it all about? 

UNREADY, STEADY, GO! 

COMMENT 3 

May this force NOT be with you 

Businesses invest heavily, 

but are still poorly prepared 

for ransomware attacks 

ARTICLES 

NEWS 6 & 8 

Tackling threats, showing resilience 

No let-up in ransomware attacks 

UK data reform bill warning 

Cautious welcome for digital strategy 

COMPLIANCE AND INFORMATION 

SECURITY IN THE SPOTLIGHT 13 

Paul Harris, Managing Director at Pentest 

Limited, looks at the key issues and how 

to tackle them 

PHISHING IN THE DARK 10 

Phishing is no new phenomenon. In the new 

hybrid working world, organisations have 

been left seriously exposed to cyberattacks, 

used as a formidable weapon with which 

to target victims. What can be done to 

counteract the damage? 

INFOSEC EUROPE SHOW MAKES 

WELCOME AND WINNING RETURN 14 

After all the trials and tribulations of Covid 

lockdowns, the cybersecurity community 

‘MOST MALWARE ENCRYPTED’ 18 

was finally able to come back together in 

A new report suggests that, without HTTPS 

person for Infosecurity Europe 2022 

inspection of encrypted traffic and advanced 

behaviour-based threat detection and 

STEERING ON THE SAFE 

response, organisations are missing up to 

SIDE OF AUTONOMY 16 

two-thirds of incoming threats. The report 

Peter Lane, Information Security Consultant, 

Xcina Consulting, offers his insights on 

also highlights that the UK was a top target 

how networks and systems can be properly 

for cyber criminals in Q1. 

protected from concerted attacks or the 

vulnerabilities of autonomy 

A WORLD APART 28 

Interest in the metaverse is on the up, 

but is it an illusory world fraught with 

RANSOMWARE DEVASTATION 20 

dangers or one with real promise? 

Despite spending billions on cybersecurity 

tools, businesses are alleged still to be 

CYBER WOES 30 

poorly prepared for ransomware attacks. 

Many organisations are feeling no more 

What then might be the best means to 

confident in their ability to respond to 

tackle this huge problem - or has 

cyber risks now than they did in 2019. 

What has taken its toll on them? 

ransomware become a law unto itself? 

STEAL NOW, PROTECT NOW 32 

Global cyber security experts Norman 

Willox and Tom Patterson defend the 

change of quantum computing from 

POWER VACUUM 24 

science fiction to science fact 

Cyber Power - the ability to protect and 

AT WAR WITH CYBER-ATTACKS 34 

promote national interests in and through 

The ongoing conflict in Ukraine has 

cyberspace - may be a vital component in 

seen the resurrection of the infamous 

protecting national interests, but how 

Industroyer malware and other threats. 

effectively will it play out back on terra 

What impact are these having? 

firma? 

computing security July/August 2022 @CSMagAndAwards www.computingsecurity.co.uk 

4

news 

Muhi Majzoub, 

OpenText. 

NEW ERA OF REAL-TIME VISIBILITY 

OpenText has announced the release 

of BrightCloud Cloud Service 

Intelligence, enabling Cloud Access 

Security Brokers (CASB) and other 

security and technology vendors to 

enforce data-centric security policies 

and prevent unwanted interactions 

with cloud services and associated 

applications, the company states. 

"The risks in securing cloud 

applications are fairly straightforward," 

says OpenText chief product officer Muhi 

Majzoub. "If IT doesn't know about an 

unsanctioned application or service, they 

can't adequately protect it or the data 

it accesses and stores. 

"Modern user practices, tools and 

remote work are demanding a new era 

of real-time visibility. Which is why realtime 

threat intelligence is built into this 

new cloud-specific solution, utilising 

over 10 years of innovation at the 

forefront of AI and ML." 

Through a suite of three components - 

Cloud Application Classification, 

Cloud Application Function and Cloud 

Application Reputation - partners can 

use BrightCloud Cloud Service 

Intelligence to identify, classify, and 

block/allow access based on the 

application's classification, functions, 

and reputation score. 

TACKLING THREATS, SHOWING RESILIENCE 

The Scottish Business Resilience Centre (SBRC) is SBRC team at cyberQuarter. 

taking space at Abertay University's newly 

launched Abertay cyberQuarter in Dundee and 

becomes one of the founding members of the 

cybersecurity research and development centre. 

This increased presence in the city looks set to 

boost opportunities for the organisation to engage 

with businesses from Tayside as it hosts workshops 

and meetings, as well as provide a space for its 20- 

part-time ethical hackers based out of Abertay University to work and collaborate. The SBRC will 

contribute to the Dundee centre's aim to bring together students, academics and organisations 

to help solve global cyber security challenges. "Abertay has long held an excellent reputation 

in the cyber industry," says Jude McCorry, CEO of the SBRC. "This launch of the brand-new 

cyberQuarter at Abertay University will extend this, and we have no doubt that it will be a 

positive space where academia and industry can unite to tackle cyber threats." 

SEAL OF APPROVAL 

AGlasgow Caledonian University cyber security programme 

has been hailed as the first Scottish Graduate Apprenticeship 

to achieve full National Cyber Security Centre Certification. 

The MSc Cyber Security Graduate Apprenticeship has been 

given the seal of approval by the National Cyber Security 

Centre, along with a programme at another Scottish university. 

The MSc Apprenticeship is targeted towards existing IT 

professionals who need to develop their current skills and 

experience in assessing security risks across a broad range of 

technical security solutions and designs. Head of department 

Dr Jackie Riley said: "Achieving NCSC Certification is the 

culmination of three years of work for the department. The 

process includes evaluation of the degree content, the staff 

skill set, the facilities available to the students and the Dr Jackie Riley. 

commitment of the university to cyber security." 

NO LET-UP IN RANSOMWARE ATTACKS 

Arcserve has released the first in a series of findings of its 

annual independent global research study on current 

experiences and attitudes of IT decision makers (ITDMs) 

around data protection and recovery. Key findings show 

that ransomware attacks continue to impact organisations 

worldwide with high costs, but they are still largely 

unprepared. "As our annual survey confirmed, ransomware 

attacks continue to significantly disrupt business worldwide, 

with staggering costs and the real threat of losing missioncritical 

data," says Florian Malecki, executive vice president, 

marketing at Arcserve. "IT decision makers must review and 

modernise their IT security infrastructure by making data 

Florian Malecki, Arcserve. 

6 

computing security July/August 2022 @CSMagAndAwards www.computingsecurity.co.uk

news 

John Hetherton, 

Evervault. 

UK DATA REFORM BILL WARNING 

Prince Charles' announcement in the 

Queen's speech that a new data 

reform bill will allow the UK to deviate 

from EU privacy legislation has caused 

mutterings in many quarters. 

Amongst those urging caution was 

John Hetherton, head of compliance at 

encryption firm Evervault: "Given the 

current stalemate between the US and 

Europe over Schrems (ii), the UK would 

be unwise to deviate too far from the 

GDPR and risk losing its adequacy 

status." 

Schrems II is the short name given to 

the 2020 decision by Europe's top court 

(the CJEU), that invalidated Privacy 

Shield, the adequacy decision that we all 

relied on to legitimately transfer personal 

data from the EEA (effectively including 

the UK at the time) to the USA. 

Adds Hetherton: "It's fair to say that, 

while some white smoke has risen 

between Presidents Biden and Von der 

Leyen [Ursula Von der Leyen, president of 

the European Commission], an adequacy 

agreement between the two countries is 

likely a ways away. 

"Large Tech currently find themselves in 

the unenviable position of having to 

duplicate infrastructures already present 

in the US into Europe in order to process 

EU citizens' data in line with GDPR, a fate 

that UK organisations are keen to avoid." 

CALL FOR BACKUP - AND RESTORE! 

In a survey, almost all (99%) of IT decision makers stated they 

Jon Fielding, Apricorn. 

have backup strategies in place, but just over a quarter (26%) 

admitted they were unable to fully restore all data/documents 

when recovering from a backup. This is according to an annual 

survey conducted in April 2022 by Apricorn. Almost 60% of 

those that have backups in place acknowledged they did so via 

an automated backup to a central repository only. "This is 

concerning," says Jon Fielding, managing director, EMEA 

Apricorn, "as using the cloud (or any storage repository) as the 

sole backup location risks costly business disruption, if a 

business suffers a cyber-attack or a technical issue that renders 

that service or their data unavailable." Backups are essential, 

but backups that work even more so, he adds. "Organisations 

need to embrace the '3-2-1 rule': have three copies of data, on 

two different media, one of which is offsite." 

ENCRYPTION TAKES CENTRE STAGE 

The number of UK organisations implementing data encryption as a core part of 

their cybersecurity strategy has continued to rise, with 32% introducing a policy 

to encrypt all corporate information as standard in the last year. Almost half (47%) 

of organisations now require the encryption of all data, whether it's at rest or in 

transit. This is according to an annual survey of IT decision makers carried out by 

Apricorn. 

"Thirty-two per cent of organisations encrypt all data when it's stored on their 

systems or in the cloud. Only 2% do not currently see encryption as a priority," 

states Apricorn. "The stakes are getting higher for those organisations that don't 

give the approach sufficient attention." 

Some 16% of those surveyed admitted a lack of encryption had been the main 

cause of a data breach within their company, up from 12% in 2021. When asked 

the main reason their organisation has increased the implementation of encryption 

over the past year, 24% of respondents said this was due to the increase in remote 

working, with 16% citing the rise in ransomware attacks. 

CAUTIOUS WELCOME FOR DIGITAL STRATEGY 

Having security at the heart of the government's latest UK Digital Strategy has been 

welcomed by Verona Hulse, senior public affairs manager at NCC Group, with the 

focus on secure infrastructure and environments, data and 'pro-innovation' 

regulatory frameworks, seen as particularly pleasing. 

"Considering these within the geopolitical landscape, given the ever-evolving, 

global digital environment we operate in, will be key to truly realising this 

strategy's ambitions," she adds. "The focus on education and skills is also 

encouraging, with nods to Ofsted's review of computing education and the need to 

retrain adults for roles in the cyber sector. However, there's definitely scope to go 

further, so that we have a clear approach to education, recruitment and retention 

across the sector." 

8 


ADISA ICT Asset Recovery Standard 8.0 

is formally approved by the UK ICO 

(Approval ICO – CSC/003 and ICO – CSC/004) 

Use an ADISA Certified company to be assured of UK GDPR compliance 

when disposing of your IT assets. 

Visit adisa.global to find out more 

Want to know how to retire assets 

so you can promote reuse AND meet 

data protection legislation? 

ADISA offers a range of training courses all presented by 

leaders in the field, including a brand-new course which helps 

data controllers write an asset retirement program to achieve 

the objective of meeting sustainability and security targets. 

Visit adisa.global/training to find out more

phishing 

PHISHING IN THE DARK 

PHISHING IS NO NEW PHENOMENON - BUT IT IS BEING USED MORE AND MORE AS A FORMIDABLE 

WEAPON TO ATTACK VICTIMS WITH. WHAT CAN BE DONE TO NEGATE ITS IMPACT? 

Anew phishing assault unleashed 

on the NHS has been described 

as a "timely reminder" to all 

organisations, both in the public and 

private sector, that they need to cover 

both the technology and human aspects 

of cybersecurity to develop an adequate 

level of protection. What should such 

a strategy look like? How does it differ 

from what most organisations are doing 

right now? And what are the likely 

consequences, if they fail to take those 

steps? 

"In the new hybrid working world, 

organisations have been left seriously 

exposed to cyberattacks," points out 

Richard Watson, EY Global & Asia-Pacific 

cybersecurity leader. "In fact, 77% of 

security leaders have witnessed an 

increase in the number of disruptive 

attacks over the last year [according to 

the latest EY Global Information Security 

Survey]. In addition, phishing tactics 

used by cyber criminals have become 

increasingly sophisticated and difficult to 

detect, compounding the problem even 

further. 

"Leaders need to put in place a comprehensive 

cybersecurity strategy that 

incorporates both technology and human 

elements, especially since phishing attacks 

take advantage of human vulnerabilities 

and weaknesses," adds Watson, who 

suggests the following approach: 

Know the signs of a phishing attack - 

"Despite years of sitting through 

computer-based training modules, too 

many employees are still not aware of the 

signs of a phishing attack, often falling 

victim to them. Leaders should make 

cybersecurity training mandatory for all 

employees, so they can identify a phishing 

attack immediately and that training 

should be experienced based (for example 

simulated phishing exercises) as this is 

considered to be a very effective way to 

really get the message home," he states. 

Foster greater communication and 

collaboration between the CISO and 

C-Suite - "Cybersecurity is too often 

a technical conversation causing many 

executives and boards to shy away from 

it. To help manage this, CISOs should 

use business language with the C-suite, 

articulating the risks, not reams of 

technical operational data, to ensure 

they're properly educated about the 

realities of cyber-incidents and how to 

mitigate them. This will also help with 

10 


phishing 

the conversation about funding - which 

many CISOs consider to be the hardest 

part of their job." 

Security by design approach - "All teams 

should follow this approach when 

creating systems, products and services 

within their businesses and, to do it 

properly, cyber experts should be involved 

in the planning process of any new 

initiative from the very start. This is a term 

that has become known as 'left shifting 

security in the plan'. This means that cyber 

protection is built into everything from 

the outset and is maintained through 

consistent monitoring, testing and 

implementation of safeguarding 

procedures. Worryingly, today just 19% of 

cybersecurity professionals feel like they 

are consulted in the planning stages of 

new business initiatives - so it's clear there 

is significant room for improvement." 

If leaders fail to take these steps, says 

Watson, the consequences for their 

organisations could be catastrophic 

and lead to significant financial and 

reputational damage, especially for those 

who hold sensitive customer data or 

operate critical infrastructure. 

STAYING IN CONTROL 

Phishing is a threat that cannot be 

avoided, but it can be controlled, argues 

Lee Schor, chief revenue officer of VIPRE, 

outlining crucial technology tools and 

training needed to reduce the threat 

of such attacks and ultimately for 

organisations to create a phishing 

prevention toolkit. "Technology solutions 

can support businesses by acting as 

a layer of security protection to help 

identify, stop and block potential phishing 

threats from entering the network. 

Email is the leading attack vector used 

by cybercriminals to deliver phishing, 

ransomware and malware attacks. The 

first step in preventing phishing via email, 

is to ensure that businesses have the right 

protection in place at the time of 

receiving and handling emails, such 

as email attachment sandboxing; antiphishing 

protection; data loss prevention 

tools (DLP); and outbound email 

protection." 

Innovative technologies such as machine 

learning can be used to scan emails for 

possible phishing scams by comparing 

links to known phishing data, he adds. 

"Additionally, DLP tools help to stop 

sensitive information from leaving the 

organisation at the time an employee 

sends an email by offering a crucial 

double-check." 

Digital tools can help to identify and stop 

potential phishing emails - but these 

technologies are not the complete 

solution. "No phishing prevention plan is 

effective without users understanding the 

threat landscape," says Schor. "Therefore, 

it is crucial that businesses implement a 

security and phishing awareness training 

programme that educates users on the 

different types of phishing and potential 

threats. It is vital that this training 

includes phishing simulations and 

penetration testing, so that employees 

can face real-life scenarios. This type of 

education will help identify areas of 

weakness where organisations need to 

provide support to employees through 

additional training, for example, and 

will help businesses to continuously assess 

the success of a phishing awareness 

programme." 

Investing in a phishing toolbox is 

essential to fully protect your organisation 

against ever-changing attacks and zeroday 

threats delivered via SMS, phone and 

email, he concludes. "By implementing 

the right technology, combined with user 

education and security awareness training 

to give all-around protection, businesses 

can carefully manage and avoid phishing 

threats. As the growth of the cyber 

Richard Watson, EY: phishing tactics 

used by cyber-criminals have become 

increasingly sophisticated and difficult 

to detect. 

security threat landscape shows no signs 

of slowing down, organisations can be 

reassured that they have the necessary 

protective layers in place to combat the 

modern threat landscape by using the 

right tools and training." 

TWO-FOLD APPROACH 

Tackling the threat of phishing requires 

a two-fold approach, says Jamie Akhtar, 

CEO & co-founder of CyberSmart. "On 

the one hand, organisations must deploy 

technologies that can help filter through 

incoming communications for any 

suspicious language, links and 

attachments; quarantining these until 

they have been inspected by the security 

team. In conjunction, measures must be 

implemented to educate employees on 

the threats that exist and how they can 

best manage them. The latter is trickier to 

do, and requires a good understanding of 

cyber psychology and human behaviour to 

be effective." 

www.computingsecurity.co.uk @CSMagAndAwards July/August 2022 computing security 

11

phishing 

Most employees, generally, prioritise their 

efforts on direct work tasks and deliverables, 

employing slow and deliberate (or 'system 2') 

thinking to do so, he points out. "Cybersecurity 

concerns, however, usually come secondary to 

these tasks and may not receive the same 

amount of attention. Instead, the majority of 

individuals will use system 1, or automatic 

thinking, when assessing threats. We use 

cognitive shortcuts, like identifying familiar 

logos, images and names, when making a 

judgement on the safety of clicking a link or 

downloading an attachment. There is also an 

element of learned helplessness when it comes 

to cybersecurity, because it is often made out 

to be a complex and intimidating matter. 

Therefore, it is critical that organisations foster 

good cybersecurity habits as early as possible 

and embed them into the company culture." 

There are a couple of ways to make this work 

in practice, suggests Akhtar. "The first is to 

leverage security tools and other awareness 

training technologies that are user friendly to 

improve overall security posture. For instance, 

introducing regular, bite-sized training videos 

that address specific knowledge gaps in the 

organisation. The second important step is to 

build an empowering and encouraging 

culture where it is okay to ask questions, make 

mistakes and learn from them. If your 

employees are scared or uncomfortable 

reporting an issue to your security team, that is 

when you should be worried." 

In the past, employees have been vilified for 

being the 'weakest link' and fear was used to 

instil best practices, he adds. "Yet research has 

shown that relying on fear to enact change is 

not sustainable, so we need to take steps to 

bolster employee confidence in handling 

threats. We should also place greater 

emphasis on the benefits of being cyber 

secure and compliant, such as keeping their 

data safe, as opposed to the dangers that 

exist." 

INSIDER THREATS 

"Phishing is not a new phenomenon," 

comments Joseph Carson, chief security 

scientist and advisory CISO at Delinea, "so 

strategies need not drastically change, but 

organisations need to adopt basic best 

practice, educate users and reinforce through 

repetition. Whether made by a public or 

private organisation, security processes should 

ultimately be the same and user access should 

be a top priority, given insider threats are the 

predominant cause of phishing and other 

breaches." 

Carson points to the proliferation of NHS 

email, SMS and web-based phishing attacks 

over the past year, adding that so far we've 

seen cyberattack campaigns lure thousands of 

victims into leaking sensitive information, such 

as log-in credentials and payment details. "In 

fact, these phishing campaigns have been so 

sophisticated and widespread that business 

leaders can only reasonably assume that a 

colleague or employee has already fallen victim 

to one - especially if they have been working 

remotely for the first time in their career." 

Cybersecurity and awareness training for all 

employees should be a top priority, adds 

Carson. "The earlier you identify attacks, the 

quicker you can implement detection and 

response controls to mitigate any impact. 

However, training alone is not enough and we 

shouldn't expect employees to all become 

cybersecurity professionals. While they should 

be made aware of common phishing 

techniques and how to identify and report 

such attacks, it is imperative for companies to 

adopt a zero-trust approach enforced by least 

privilege access. 

"This way, a user will only get access to 

specific applications and data once their 

identity has been verified and only for the time 

needed to complete the task, thus ensuring 

that leaked log-in credentials do not 

necessarily translate to a breach of data. Every 

organisation will likely have at least one 

employee who will click on something bad, so 

let's adopt a zero-trust approach to reduce the 

impact of when that happens." 

TUNNEL VISION 

According to recent research from OpenText, 

there was a 1,122% increase in phishing 

attacks in the first quarter of 2022, 

compared to Q1 in 2021. To ensure cyber 

resilience, it states, organisations must 

deploy strong, multi-layered security and 

data protection policies to prevent, respond 

to and quickly recover from threats. With this 

in mind, OpenText Security Solutions has 

unveiled new patent-pending technology 

that, it says, "stops rogue DNS requests and 

identifies and blocks vulnerabilities exposed 

through DNS, including tunnelling and data 

exfiltration attacks". 

Real-time threat intelligence is an essential 

component of a business's cyber resilience 

strategy, advises Open Text, citing the 

following findings in a 2022 BrightCloud 

Threat Intelligence report: 

1,122% increase in phishing in the first 

quarter of 2022, compared to 2021 Q1 

phishing numbers, indicating a buck in 

the trend of hackers taking holiday in Q1 

For the first time, Instagram broke into 

the top five most impersonated brands 

for phishing, demonstrating increased 

targeting of younger users 

36.1% reduction in malware encounters 

for customers using both endpoint and 

DNS protection versus only endpoint 

protection, reinforcing the added efficacy 

benefit of securing DNS and using layered 

security. 

"With security risks escalating worldwide 

and a persistent state of evolving threats, 

compromises are inevitable, so security 

remains job number one," says Mark J. 

Barrenechea, OpenText CEO and CTO. 

"Through our breadth of OpenText Security 

Cloud, we make it easier for businesses to 

increase their cyber resilience posture and 

protect themselves against threats. And if a 

vulnerability unfortunately leads to a breach, 

our solutions enable quick detection, 

response and recovery to minimise 

disruption." 

12 


compliance 

IS COMPLIANCE ENOUGH WHEN 

IT COMES TO YOUR INFORMATION 

SECURITY? 

PAUL HARRIS, MANAGING DIRECTOR AT PENTEST LIMITED, LOOKS 

AT THE ISSUE OF INFORMATION SECURITY WITHIN COMPLIANCE 

As a penetration testing company, 

we often get approached by 

organisations looking to conduct 

security testing as part of their compliance 

obligations, whether that's to comply with 

industry specific regul-ations, such as PCI DSS, 

more general regulations such as GDPR, 

government-backed schemes, such as Cyber 

Essentials Plus, or as part of international 

quality standards, such as ISO 27001. 

Whatever the compliance need, information 

security has quickly become a core 

requirement within both regulatory and 

voluntary compliance standards across 

the globe. 

In many ways, compliance requirements have 

been a fantastic driver for information security 

improvement, bringing much needed 

attention to the issues and ensuring that 

necessary security measures are being put in 

place, even if this has been slightly forced 

upon them. 

For many organisations, however, achieving 

compliance has now become the end goal 

when it comes to their information security 

efforts, with many believing that compliance 

shows they've done enough. Box ticked; job 

done. For this year at least. 

Whilst any information security improve-ment 

effort is to be commended, achieving 

compliance doesn't necessarily mean your 

organisation is secure. Far from it. In fact, 

many information security requirements are 

designed as a minimum, baseline standard, 

rather than an end goal. 

Yes, having a certificate or accreditation is 

an important achievement and it's something 

that can be shouted about. But is a baseline 

truly enough for your organisation, and 

your clients, when it comes to information 

security? For many, the answer should be no, 

but that's not to say it isn't a good starting 

point. So, how do you take your information 

security efforts further, using your compliance 

requirements as a starting point? 

EXPAND YOUR FOCUS 

The first thing to mention is that compliance 

can often have a limited scope, whether it's 

your Card Data Environment (PCI DSS) or your 

information security systems (ISO 27001). 

Whilst these critical areas certainly require 

attention, purely focusing your security efforts 

on satisfying compliance requirements could 

mean that other, potentially less secure, areas 

of your business are being overlooked, if not 

completely ignored. 

Security efforts therefore need to take a much 

broader view than your compliance 

obligations, looking at your business as a 

whole, rather than specific areas in isolation. 

MAKE SURE SECURITY EFFORTS 

ARE ONGOING, NOT ONE-OFFS 

When it comes to compliance, it's easy to think 

that once certification is achieved its 

job done. However, compliance is only truly 

effective when efforts are made continuously. 

The same can be said for your wider security. 

What is considered 'safe' today could be 

vulnerable tomorrow and there are no set 

standards to aim for; it's about employing 

an ongoing improvement mindset, rather than 

looking to reach a one-off goal. 

HOLD YOURSELF TO HIGHER 

STANDARDS; YOUR CUSTOMERS 

OFTEN WILL 

Compliance isn't an issue for many 

organisations, why? Because their own 

internal standards far surpass the requirements 

set out by the necessary regulations. When 

you set yourself these higher standards, 

compliance is achieved almost by default. 

This mindset can be driven by the 

organisation itself, though it can also be driven 

by security-aware customers, many of whom 

will require more robust assurances than basic 

compliance standards can offer. 


13

events & exhibitions 

Infosec 2022 at the ExCeL was a showcase for much of the latest technologies and solutions. 

INFOSEC EUROPE MAKES WELCOME RETURN 

AFTER ALL THE TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS OF THE COVID LOCKDOWNS, THE CYBERSECURITY COMMUNITY 

WAS FINALLY ABLE TO COME BACK TOGETHER IN PERSON FOR INFOSECURITY EUROPE 2022 

In the spirit of Infosecurity Europe 

2022's theme, 'Stronger Together', 

more than 370 exhibitors, 249 

speakers and many thousands of visitors 

came through the doors at London's 

ExCeL. 

On the exhibition floor, numerous 

companies used Infosecurity Europe as 

a platform for launching new products, 

demoing their solutions and announcing 

their news. 

Visitors were able to explore specialist 

zones and showcases dedicated to new 

technologies, innovative companies and 

the security leaders of tomorrow. These 

included the Discovery Zone, the Start-Up 

Zone, and the Technology Showcase - 

where they could discover the latest 

products, services and solutions, as well 

as learn about solving technical problems. 

Infosecurity Europe 2022 offered plenty 

of chances for people to get together 

and network, including the sixth annual 

Women in Cybersecurity Networking 

Event, and the Leaders Lounge, an 

exclusive 'home' for CISOs and heads 

of information security. 

Cyber professionals also took full 

advantage of the opportunities to develop 

their knowledge, expertise and skills. 

These included immersive learning 

activities and in-depth roundtable 

discussions on Geek Street, and a series 

of Security Workshops delivered by 

experts from organisations including 

Cisco, Google Cloud, the Chartered 

Institute of Information Security and 

Cloud Security Alliance. 

TALKING HEADS 

Meanwhile, the conference programme 

opened with a keynote presentation from 

Lieutenant General Tom Copinger-Symes 

of UK Strategic Command, responsible for 

accelerating the digital transformation 

of UK Defence. His talk focused on how 

to tackle the uncertain future of security 

threats, adapting to the changing 

landscape to anticipate, prevent, prepare 

for, respond to and recover from risks. 

14 


events & exhibitions 

The TryHackMe team, with (on the left) Erika Lewis, 

director, Cyber Security and Digital Identity, DCMS. 

Topping the bill on the second day 

was former Head of MI5 Baroness Eliza 

Manningham-Buller, who has led 

organisations through remarkable and 

pressurised times, from counter terrorism 

to pandemics. Through this lens, she 

explored the topic of how to lead an 

organisation when things have turned 

decidedly unpredictable. 

Day Two also saw TryHackMe ‘crowned’ 

as the winner of the UK's Most Innovative 

Cyber SME competition, run by the 

Department for Digital, Culture, Media 

& Sport (DCMS), Infosecurity Europe and 

techUK. The company provides hands-on, 

immersive security training through realworld 

scenarios, via a platform anyone 

can access through their browser. 

The main keynote presentation on the 

final day was delivered by International 

Hostage and Kidnap Negotiation Expert 

Suzanne Williams, who shared the lessons 

learned from her experiences of remaining 

resilient in difficult situations, decisionmaking 

under pressure and calculated risktaking. 

Also on Day Three, renowned 'People 

Hacker' Jenny Radcliffe became the latest 

industry luminary to be inducted into 

the Infosecurity Hall of Fame. Radcliffe 

is celebrated for her work exploring, 

identifying and addressing human-centred 

information security vulnerabilities. 

Following her induction, she delivered the 

Infosecurity Hall of Fame Annual Lecture, 

in which she reflected on her lifetime of 

social engineering and physical infiltration 

work. 

THREAT INSIGHTS 

Also attracting large audiences on the 

Keynote Stage were investigative journalist 

Geoff White, author of 'The Lazarus Heist', 

who gave an account of how governmentsponsored 

cyber attackers are increasingly 

interacting with organised crime gangs, 

and Misha Glenny - author, journalist 

and specialist in organised crime and 

cybersecurity - who offered unique 

insights into the challenges geo-political 

tensions are creating across the tech 

sector. There were a number of other 

confer-ence theatres open during the 

event, many of which enjoyed full houses, 

with speakers exploring various topics, 

from ransomware response, threat 

detection and battling endpoint 

cybercrime, to back-up strategies, IoT 

security and DevSecOps. 

The Tech & Strategy Talks stage, for 

example, featured bite-size presentations 

sharing cybersecurity insight, knowledge 

and expertise from organisations including 

Trend Micro, Canonic Security, Microsoft, 

Osirium, Varonis and CrowdStrike. 

Infosecurity Europe 2023 will run from 20- 

22 June at ExCeL London. 


15

autonomous vehicles & threats 

STEERING ON THE SAFE SIDE OF AUTONOMY 

AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES ARE INCREASINGLY MAKING HEADLINES AND NOT ALWAYS FOR THE RIGHT REASONS. 

HERE, PETER LANE, INFORMATION SECURITY CONSULTANT, XCINA CONSULTING, LOOKS AT HOW NETWORKS 

AND SYSTEMS CAN BE PROTECTED FROM ATTACKS OR VULNERABILITIES 

There was once a time when travel was 

far more simple. To board a vehicle 

and save your personal energy was 

an achievement, even when the 'vehicle' 

was a bicycle. The same may be said for 

communication, when a message would 

be delivered by hand and then, eventually, 

by a miraculous feat, flown through the 

waves in invisible data packets and taking 

several minutes to upload and then receive. 

However, the exponential growth in technology 

have brought us to our present day. 

Advances in technology continue on a 

near daily basis. A strong example of this is 

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) and the rate in 

which they are experiencing rapid growth 

and acceptance throughout the world. 

There are several levels of AVs, depending 

on their degree of autonomy. The levels 

shown in the table on page 17 have been 

created by the Society of Automotive 

Engineers (SAE) and adopted by the US 

Department of Transportation. 

THREATS TO AVS 

As we commonly see in security, the threats 

may broadly be segregated by the CIA 

triad. Confidentiality of information in 

the vehicle or pertaining to the driver. 

Integrity of information that the vehicle 

or organisation rely on. This may be the 

vehicle sending false data or even receiving 

false data during what it believes is an 

'over the air' software update. Availability, 

perhaps of the communication systems or 

worse, the vehicle controls themselves. 

Modern vehicles contain tools to aid in 

the efficiency and overall experience of 

driving. Unfortunately, they also create 

a number of vulnerabilities by relying on 

Electronic Computing Units (ECUs) to 

conduct the complex processes required 

for your driver assist and infotainment 

functions. 

This results in up to 100 million lines 

of code programmed into the ECUs, a 

significant number when compared to 

the approximately 25 million lines of code 

written into the ECUs of a passenger 

aeroplane. Vehicles contain a myriad 

of sensors, cameras, radars and Light 

Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) systems, all 

of which contain their own vulnerabilities. 

Common attack vectors are not unique to 

vehicles: they are shared throughout the 

wider cybersecurity industry with all 

connected systems. From unauthorised 

software modifications to Denial of Service 

(DoS) attacks, compromising user privacy 

and vehicle safety is achievable and has 

16 


autonomous vehicles & threats 

been proven on several occasions - see the 

graphic on page 16. 

Another target may be the occupants 

or owner's information. From a private 

owner's perspective, owning a vehicle and 

using its technology paints a map of your 

life and lifestyle. The information you rely 

on your vehicle for is growing with each 

new technological development. Owners 

and organisations need to consider the 

safety of people in the vehicle and around 

them but also need to consider the private 

data that is at risk. The vehicle itself 

contains data such as the locations visited 

and as most drivers now use some level 

of mobile phone connectivity within the 

vehicle, their personal data is also 

vulnerable. 

COMBAT THE THREAT 

Considering the modern vehicle as a form 

of computer is actually a good first step. 

How do we protect our networks and 

systems from attacks or vulnerabilities? 

The answer is 'Deter', 'Prevent' and 'Detect' 

the attacks. Unfortunately, the ability to 

prevent and deter are hampered somewhat 

by the logistical difficulties in vehicle 

manufacturing, but progress is being 

made. Due to the myriad of third parties 

involved in vehicle manufacture, a holistic 

approach to security is very difficult to 

achieve. Components found within 

a vehicle may come from different 

companies or even different countries, 

each with their own approach to security. 

In June 2020 the World Forum for 

Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations 

under the United Nations Economic 

Commission for Europe (UNECE) 

announced the adoption of frameworks to 

address the increase and significance of 

software and connectivity in vehicles. This 

has provided a basis for new regulations 

that have enacted cybersecurity 

requirements for future vehicle in more 

than 60 countries. To help combat the 

threat, new companies and services 

are developed. Large automotive 

manufacturers are now seeking their 

guidance or use of the products during 

design and production stages. Porsche, 

for example, enlisted GuardKnox 

(an Israel-based cybersecurity and 

technology company) to improve the 

cybersecurity of vehicles produced. 

This leaves 'Detect'. Fortunately, the 

reliance on computing plays to our favour 

here. The Controller Area Network (CAN) is 

a communication protocol found in most 

modern AVs and is responsible for relaying 

information between sensors in the vehicle. 

Whilst this has been seen in the past as 

a vulnerability with weak security, many 

companies are now working to rely on 

the CAN to feed an interior Intrusion 

Detection System (IDS). Paired with 

network behavioural analysis or machine 

learning, the IDS will alert a driver or 

designated entity when malicious activity 

is suspected. 

Unfortunately, this will not stop malicious 

actors finding new vulnerabilities in the 

system throughout the vehicle's lifespan, 

but it does address the previously mixed 

approach to security by design. Owners and 

organisations can implement small security 

procedures through their own practice to 

lower certain risks: 

Adopt strict password procedures 

(complex and changed regularly) 

Organisations may use network 

segmentation for connected vehicles 

in their fleets 

Limit the use of GPS services, use 

them only when needed 

Educate users on security implications 

and risks to personal or company data. 

If all else fails, Ferrari announced in June 

2022 that they will limit autonomy in their 

vehicles to Level 2. Whilst their intention 

is to preserve 'emotion' for the driver, less 

autonomy will aid in less security vulnerabilities 

that we have discussed in this article. 

However, one might argue that not everyone 

can afford that choice. 

ADVICE & SUPPORT 

If your firm would benefit from our advice and 

support, visit us at www.xcinaconsulting.com. 

We provide our clients with pragmatic advice 

and guidance to ensure the protection of 

connected devices. 

For more information, contact us at: 

info@xcinaconsulting.com 

LEVEL 

DESCRIPTION 

0 No automation; all major systems are human-controlled 

1 Includes automated systems, such as cruise control or automatic braking 

2 Partial driving automation, but human intervention is still needed 

3 Conditional automation and environmental detection; human override still necessary 

4 Officially driverless vehicles. Can operate in self-driving mode in limited areas and speeds, but legislative and 

infrastructure limitations restrict full adoption of these vehicles 

5 Full vehicle autonomy; no legislative or infrastructure restrictions limitations and no human interaction required. 

Testing of fully autonomous vehicles is currently ongoing in several markets globally; however, none are currently 

available for the public yet 


17

encryption 

'TWO-THIRDS OF MALWARE ENCRYPTED' 

REPORT HIGHLIGHTS DANGERS THAT THREATEN WITHOUT 

HTTPS INSPECTION AND FINDS THE UK IS A TOP TARGET 

Amassive 67% of all malware in Q1 

2020 was delivered via encrypted 

HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol 

Secure) connections, with 72% of encrypted 

malware classified as zero day - and so would 

have evaded signature-based antivirus 

protection. 

These findings - in WatchGuard 

Technologies' latest Internet Security Report* - 

suggest that, without HTTPS inspection of 

encrypted traffic and advanced behaviourbased 

threat detection and response, 

organisations are missing up to two-thirds of 

incoming threats. The report also highlights 

that the UK was a top target for cyber 

criminals in Q1, earning a spot in the top 

three countries for the five most widespread 

network attacks. 

"Some organisations are reluctant to set up 

HTTPS inspection due to the extra work 

involved, but our threat data clearly shows 

that a majority of malware is delivered 

through encrypted connections and that 

letting traffic go uninspected is simply no 

longer an option," says Corey Nachreiner, 

chief technology officer at WatchGuard. 

"As malware continues to become more 

advanced and evasive, the only reliable 

approach to defence is implementing a set of 

layered security services, including advanced 

threat detection methods and HTTPS 

inspection." Other key findings from 

WatchGuard's report includethe following: 

Monero cryptominers surge in popularity. Five 

of the top ten domains distributing malware 

in Q1 (identified by WatchGuard's DNS 

filtering service DNSWatch) either hosted or 

controlled Monero cryptominers. This sudden 

jump in cryptominer popularity could simply 

be due to its utility; adding a cryptomining 

module to malware is an easy way for online 

criminals to generate passive income. 

Flawed-Ammyy and Cryxos malware variants 

join top lists. The Cryxos trojan was third on 

WatchGuard's top-five encrypted malware 

list and also third on its top-five most 

widespread malware detections list, primarily 

targeting Hong Kong. It is delivered as an 

email attachment disguised as an invoice 

and will ask the user to enter their email and 

password, which it then stores. Flawed- 

Ammyy is a support scam where the attacker 

uses the Ammyy Admin support software to 

gain remote access to the victim's computer. 

Three-year-old Adobe vulnerability appears 

in top network attacks. An Adobe Acrobat 

Reader exploit that was patched in August 

2017 appeared in WatchGuard's top network 

attacks list for the first time in Q1. This 

vulnerability resurfacing several years after 

being discovered and resolved illustrates the 

importance of regularly patching and 

updating systems. 

Mapp Engage, AT&T and Bet365 targeted 

with spear phishing campaigns. Three new 

domains hosting phishing campaigns 

appeared on WatchGuard's top-ten list in Q1 

2020. They impersonated digital marketing 

and analytics product Mapp Engage, online 

betting platform Bet365 (this campaign was 

in Chinese) and an AT&T login page (this 

campaign is no longer active at the time of 

the report's publication). 

MASSIVE ATTACK SURGE 

COVID-19 Impact. Q1 2020 was only the 

start of the massive changes to the cyber 

threat landscape brought on by the COVID- 

19 pandemic. Even in these first three 

months of 2020, we still saw a massive rise 

in remote workers and attacks targeting 

individuals. 

Malware hits and network attacks decline. 

Overall, there were 6.9% fewer malware hits 

and 11.6% fewer network attacks in Q1, 

despite a 9% increase in the number of 

Fireboxes contributing data. This could be 

attributed to fewer potential targets 

operating within the traditional network 

perimeter with worldwide work-from-home 

policies in full force during the COVID-19 

pandemic. 

SEEKING GREATER CONTROL 

Organisations reporting having a consistent, 

enterprise-wide encryption strategy leapt 

from 50% to 62%, as they seek greater 

control of the data they have distributed 

across multiple cloud environments. This 

is according to the Entrust 2022 Global 

Encryption Trends Study, the 17th annual 

18 


encryption 

multinational survey of security and IT 

professionals conducted by the Ponemon 

Institute. 

The latest findings suggest companies are 

taking data protection more seriously, but 

there's still a way to go, it is stated. While the 

Ponemon research has shown a steady 

increase in enterprise-wide encryption 

adoption over the years, this year's study 

revealed a dramatic jump from 50% to 

62% in those respondents saying that their 

organisations have an encryption policy 

that is consistently applied. Similarly, 61% 

of respondents rated the level of their 

senior leaders' support for enterprise-wide 

encryption strategy as significant or very 

significant. 

This year's report also revealed significant 

decreases since 2021 in the top two biggest 

challenges in planning and executing a data 

encryption strategy, namely finding the data 

(55% down from 65%) and classifying it 

(27% down from 34%). 

"The large jump in respondents reporting 

consistently applied encryption policies across 

their organisations, together with high 

support from senior leadership, points to 

a real enterprise awakening to the need for 

proactive data security," says John Metzger, 

vice president of product marketing for 

digital security solutions at Entrust. "While 

this year's study also reveals that there are still 

gaps in the implementation of encryption for 

several categories of data, it's nonetheless 

a big step forward." 

an important part of an encryption and key 

management strategy, half said they were 

still lacking HSMs. These results highlight 

the accelerating digital transformation 

underpinned by the movement to the cloud, 

as well as the increased focus on data 

protection. 

UNPROTECTED DATA TRANSFERS 

This year's study also reveals how the flow 

of sensitive data into multiple cloud 

environments is forcing enterprises to 

increase their security in this space. Notably, 

this includes containerised applications, 

where the use of HSMs reached an all-time 

high of 40%. 

More than half of respondents (55%) 

admitted that their organisations transfer 

sensitive or confidential data to the cloud 

whether or not it is encrypted or made 

unreadable via some other mechanism, such 

as tokenisation or data masking. However, 

another 27% said they expect to do so in the 

next one to two years. 

"The rising adoption of multi-cloud 

environments, containers and serverless 

deployments, as well as IoT platforms, is 

creating a new kind of IT security headache 

for many organisations," adds Metzger. "This 

is compounded by the growth in 

ransomware and other cybersecurity attacks. 

This year's Global Encryption Trends study 

shows that organisations are responding by 

looking to maintain control over encrypted 

data, rather than leaving it to platform 

providers to secure." 

Corey Nachreiner, WatchGuard: the only 

reliable approach to defence is 

implementing a set of layered security 

services. 

John Metzger, Entrust: organisations are 

looking to maintain control over encrypted 

data, rather than leaving it to platform 

providers to secure. 

While the results indicate that companies 

have gone from assessing the problem to 

acting on it, they also reveal encryption 

implementation gaps across many sensitive 

data categories. For example, just 34% of 

respondents say that encryption is extensively 

deployed across containers, 31% for big data 

repositories and 34% across IoT platforms. 

Similarly, while 63% of global respondents 

rate hardware security modules (HSMs) as 

* The findings in WatchGuard's Internet Security 

Reports are drawn from anonymised Firebox Feed 

data from active WatchGuard appliances whose 

owners have opted in to share data to support the 

Threat Lab's research efforts. Today, over 44,000 

appliances worldwide contribute threat intelligence 

data to the report. In Q1 2020, they blocked over 

32,148,519 malware variants in total (730 samples 

per device) and more than 1,660,000 network 

attacks (38 attacks per device). 


19

ansomware 

RANSOMWARE DEVASTATION 

DESPITE SPENDING BILLIONS ON CYBERSECURITY TOOLS, BUSINESSES ARE ALLEGED 

STILL TO BE POORLY PREPARED FOR RANSOMWARE ATTACKS. WHAT’S THE SOLUTION? 

Ransomware attacks continue to impact 

organisations worldwide - and the costs 

are staggering, says Florian Malecki, 

executive vice president marketing, Arcserve. 

"A new global survey of over 1,100 IT decision 

makers at small and midsize companies found 

that 50% had been targeted by a ransomware 

attack, with 35% asked to pay over 

$100,000 in ransom, and 20% asked to pay 

between $1 million and $10 million. In the 

UK, 50% of respondents said they had no 

choice but to pay the ransom." 

And he adds. "The sad truth is that, despite 

spending billions on cybersecurity tools, 

businesses are still poorly prepared for 

ransomware attacks. For this reason, 

companies must take a new approach to data 

resilience. They must strengthen their disasterrecovery 

strategies, backup systems and 

immutable storage solutions to prevent the 

loss of mission-critical data." He offers five 

steps that organisations can take to reduce 

their exposure to ransomware and "avoid 

staggering losses": 

Educate employees. "It's essential to invest in 

training for staff, so that they're aware of how 

ransomware works. From there, employees 

will be better prepared to recognise and 

prevent it." 

Focus on cures, as well as prevention. "It's time 

for companies to stop focusing entirely on 

prevention. They should also invest in curative 

measures like backup & recovery and 

immutable storage that allow them to quickly 

restore their data and avoid paying the 

ransom when attackers break in." 

Place a premium on data resilience. "Your data 

resilience is only as strong as your weakest 

link. Monitor your weaknesses, fix them when 

you find them, and you can bounce back 

quickly from disruption and return to normal 

operation. To do this, you must have the 

technologies required to back up your data 

and recover it, if necessary, along with the 

proper mindset." 

Know what data is most critical. "Data varies 

in value. If you're concerned about costs, as 

most organisations are these days, you don't 

have to store or back up all your data in the 

same place. Look into storage solutions that 

provide options like data tiering. These enable 

you to place less-important data in lessexpensive 

levels of storage or 'tiers'." 

Put a disaster-recovery plan in place. "A good 

disaster-recovery solution will back up your 

data to a location of your choice and on a 

schedule that suits you. It will also be easy to 

test, which is crucial because testing is the 

only way you can validate that your recoverytime 

goals can be met." 

SOPHISTICATED AND BOLDER 

Year on year, threat actors have ramped up 

ransomware activities. But, in the past two 

years, they have become more sophisticated 

and bolder, with devastating consequences, 

points out Brett Raybould, EMEA solutions 

architect, Menlo Security. "Critical 

infrastructure attacks are on the rise, with 

the Colonial Pipeline attack perhaps the 

most well-known example. Sadly in 2021, 

one ransomware attack on a hospital in 

Duesseldorf led to the death of a woman after 

she was diverted to another city to be treated. 

The year also saw a record $70m ransom 

demand from Kaseya, the company affected 

by a zero-day exploitation that went on to 

affect 1,500 businesses - a supply chain attack 

rivalling that of the SolarWinds incident of 

2020." 

Since the pandemic, and the transition 

to remote and hybrid working models, 

companies continue to expand their digital 

footprint and reliance on web-based 

applications, leading to a greater volume of 

ransomware attacks exploiting vulnerabilities 

in cloud applications and tools. "For 

ransomware to be curbed effectively, there 

needs to be a greater focus on business 

continuity and disaster recovery strategies, so 

firms can limit the damages inflicted by a 

potential attack," he adds. "Greater attention 

must be placed on the threat of supply chain 

20 


ansomware 

attacks and third-party connectivity. This 

involves a mindset shift to prepare for the risks 

presented by third parties to reduce what is a 

growing attack surface among organisations." 

Right now, this largely requires a proactive 

initiative from companies, states Raybould. 

"But we could see a change in regulations and 

government guidance in the future." 

According to a Menlo Security poll, over half 

(55%) of respondents felt that responsibility 

for protection should fall to government. 

"For more organisations to pay attention, 

governments may need to take greater action 

in the fight against ransomware. We're 

already seeing mandatory reporting 

procedures on ransomware in APAC, so I 

wouldn't be surprised to see this elsewhere. 

"We also anticipate greater collaboration 

between governments and large corporations 

like Google and Microsoft - initiatives that are 

beginning to gather momentum already, 

as demonstrated by DMARC email 

authentication. Such initiatives provide the 

building blocks for something greater. 

Without question, open collaboration and 

the sharing of tools across the industry could 

really help to address the ransomware 

challenges businesses and governments 

currently face." 

EASY ACCESS FOR CYBERCRIMINALS 

The explanation for the exponential growth 

of ransomware attacks, which sometimes 

doubles or even quadruples, year-on-year, can 

be attributed to the highly agile nature of the 

market, states James Tamblin, president, 

BlueVoyant UK. "The cyber-criminal economy 

presents a cybercrime-as-a-service (CaaS) 

model that provides ready-made tools and 

services, lowering the barriers to entry for 

newcomers and groups alike. It allows less 

'tech savvy' cyber criminals easy access to 

the market which ensures even more 

organisations fall victim. Not to mention, the 

increased digitalisation over the last two years 

where organisations and services rapidly 

shifted online and, in parallel, rapidly 

increased their attack vectors, leaving their 

digital front door open to threat." 

Another explanation for the increase is new 

tactics, including double extortion, where 

criminals exfiltrate data in addition to 

encrypting it. "Double extortion has now 

escalated to triple extortion with tactics such 

as leak sites, a hugely successful method used 

in ransomware attacks. Triple extortion often 

leads to associated media publicity, ensuring 

companies 'pay the piper'." 

This public extortion method has reduced 

the ability to contain an attack, adds Tamblin. 

"Ransomware attacks have a huge knock-on 

effect, not only fiscally, but it is also almost 

impossible to quantify the final impact of the 

attack after reputation is damaged, customer 

relationships sullied and operations affected. 

The burden of compliance fines further 

increases the secrecy shrouding ransomware, 

as companies may choose to pay the 

ransomware in secret. Companies can expect 

this cost to rise as regulations tighten and 

future government policy may increasingly 

need to address this burden." 

In this climate, companies and organisations 

must increase their awareness and risk 

tolerance toward cyber threats, he continues. 

"There are a range of ways organisations 

can reduce this risk and contain the threat, 

starting with implementing multi-factor 

authentication (MFA) across all accounts. 

BlueVoyant has observed that cyber attackers 

will often move on to easier targets when 

MFA is used effectively. Other important 

methods include implementing both a Zero- 

Trust approach and the 'principle of least 

privilege', a security concept wherein 

employees only hold access they need." 

BEYOND THE DISCONNECT 

While newfound awareness of the existing 

cyber threat landscape is a critical first step 

towards building a robust defence, this has 

yet to be paired with the necessary security 

measures and strategies, argues Mike Varley, 

threat consultant at Adarma. "For the most 

part, there appears to be a disconnect 

between how prepared businesses believe 

themselves to be and where they truly stand. 

Despite 96% of respondents stating that they 

were confident in their existing deterrents and 

preventive measures, a staggering 58% of 

businesses surveyed have already been hit 

with ransomware," he comments. "Moreover, 

more than one in every five companies does 

not have an incident plan in place, suggesting 

that cybersecurity is not as much of a priority 

as they claim. To put it simply, many are failing 

to walk the talk." 

Organisations must also take a proactive 

approach to mitigating ransomware attacks, 

Varley says - "that is, prevent, prepare, detect 

and eliminate" - while recommending the 

following actions: 

Keep software updated - "Keeping systems 

up to date should be a priority. Organisations 

must ensure effective management of their 

technology infrastructure, systems and 

services, including the adequate patching of 

devices and systems, ensure sufficient network 

security and replace unsupported software." 

Adopt a proactive mindset - "Organisations 

need to adopt a proactive approach to 

cybersecurity to ensure that essential functions 

and operations can continue even after 

a cyber-criminal has penetrated defences 

and compromised digital assets." 

Utilise better threat detection - "When 

ransomware worms its way past your 

defences, damage is measured by the time 

taken to detect, investigate, contain and 

resolve the threat. The longer your exposure, 

the greater the incident impact. It's more 

efficient to stop a ransomware attack before 

it has a chance to do any damage." 

Regularly back up data - "To prevent 

ransomware disrupting business operations, 

it's vital that organisations regularly back up 

company data. If a cyber incident occurs, the 


21

ansomware 

Brett Raybould, Menlo Security: in the 

past two years, threat actors have 

become more sophisticated and bolder, 

with devastating consequences. 

Nigel Thorpe, SecureAge: cybercriminals 

continually use new techniques to prevent 

their malware from being identified. 

organisation will be able to quickly fall back 

on a recent backup version." 

Improve employee cyber awareness - 

"Ransomware attacks can be the result of 

poor employee cyber awareness or bad 

habits. For example, employees may use easily 

guessable passwords or the same password 

for multiple accounts. Organisations can 

mitigate this risk by providing employee 

training and running regular attack 

simulations/digital health check-ups to see 

if their employees are practising good cyber 

hygiene." 

ONE STEP AHEAD 

The traditional way to prevent ransomware is 

to identify and then block malicious activities, 

points out Nigel Thorpe, technical director at 

SecureAge. "But cybercriminals have a habit of 

being one step ahead and continually use 

new techniques to prevent their malware 

from being identified." 

In a business environment, there is generally 

no reason for a previously unknown 

executable or script to run, he says. "The 

software for a typical business PC is built to 

a standard design that includes all the tools 

that its user will require. A better way is to 

block all unauthorised processes which are 

not on the 'allow list' from executing. So, if 

a malicious executable or script attempts to 

run, it is simply blocked. 

"The other mainstream approach to 

protecting data is to encrypt it using tools 

such as database and full disk encryption, 

such as BitLocker. But while full disk 

encryption is fine, if you lose your laptop; 

on a running system, it will simply hand over 

decrypted data to every process that asks for 

it - legitimate or malicious. As cybercriminals 

can only steal data from running systems, full 

disk encryption cannot prevent this theft." 

As you can't demand a ransom for data that 

is already encrypted, the answer is to encrypt 

all of your data, all of the time, at rest, in 

transit and in use and no matter where it gets 

copied - including when it is stolen, Thorpe 

states. "This way, stolen data remains 

worthless - reverse ransomware you might 

say. We must stop believing that it's possible 

to block all data exfiltration and accept that, 

at some time, someone will gain access to the 

network with the aim to steal data and that 

they will succeed." 

Only by encrypting data at source, and by 

maintaining data encryption throughout its 

lifecycle can ransomware be truly defeated, 

he adds. "File-level encryption works silently 

in the background so that neither the user 

nor the administrator needs to make any 

decisions about what should or should not 

be encrypted. Data-centric security goes to 

the heart of the whole ransomware attack 

problem by securing data against both theft 

and crypto attacks." 

CRITICAL NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE 

Cyber-attacks on Critical National 

Infrastructure (CNI), which largely comprise 

of industrial entities are usually politically 

motivated and carried out by 'cyber terrorists' 

from adversarial nation states; where the 

hacker's goal is to disrupt operations or steal 

confidential information which does not 

necessarily have a direct financial reward. 

Ransomware in the context of CNI brings 

a different threat-actor to the forefront - 

financial cyber-criminals. "Financial cyber-crime 

has found a sweet spot in banking and retail 

sectors, but the shift in focus to the industrial 

sector/CNI is enabled firstly by a general lack 

of cyber-awareness and cyber-investment in 

these areas, which makes hacking a CNI 

or process industry easier in comparison 

to banking infrastructure," says Sashank 

Tadimeti, a manager in Protiviti's Technology 

Consulting Group. 

"Secondly, evolution of 'Ransomware as 

a Service' [RaaS] has enabled non-skilled 

malicious actors to hire cyber-criminals to 

target CNI entities, increasing the number 

of ransomware incidents. Thirdly, and most 

22 


ansomware 

importantly, the anonymity of cryptocurrency 

transactions makes it easier for these 

malicious actors to extort money, with a 

reduced threat of being identified. All these 

factors make ransomware a huge success, 

leading to the manifestation of a new threat 

in the CNI cyber-space." 

The compounded risk arising from these 

factors concerns even the most cyber matured 

organisations; testimony to which are well 

known CNI attacks such as Stuxnet, Shamoon 

and more recently the Colonial Pipeline 

incident, he adds. 

"Whilst there is a limited role individual 

organisations can play in combating the risk 

arising from RaaS and anonymity of cryptotransactions; 

'Cyber-Awareness' must be a key 

focus for CNI organisations and government 

entities. CNI organisations historically have 

placed a lot of importance on 'safety' and 

often have well-structured and effective safety 

awareness programs. CNI Organisations 

should consider leveraging these models in 

internally advocating cyber awareness and 

must ensure the training material stays at 

pace with the ever-evolving digital space." 

Tadimeti also advises that organisations 

should not limit cybersecurity to a compliance 

exercise, but aspire to adopt cybersecurity 

in its essence. Adopting new technology/ 

digital solutions without understanding its 

ramifications to security or spending heavily 

on cyber tools without properly configuring 

them result in half-baked solutions, leaving 

organisations vulnerable to ransomware and 

other cyber threats. 

"Whilst we are just getting started on our 

'CNI - Security journey', the threat actors 

and their methodologies are evolving. The 

emergence of 'RaaS' and 'Double-Extortion 

Ransomware'; where hackers demand 

a ransom payment from the attacked 

organisation and simultaneously seek buyers 

for the attacked organisation's confidential 

data to optimise their profits, are testimony 

to this evolution. Awareness, vigilance and 

intelligence are key to combating this 

growing epidemic." 

MONEY SPEAKS LOUDEST 

Ransomware is a variation on the old data 

breach, points out Tim Mackey, who is 

principal security strategist at the Synopsys 

Cybersecurity Research Centre. "In effect, the 

cyber criminals have discovered a new way 

to monetise their investment in both attack 

techniques and processes. If my comments 

make it sound like cyber criminals are 

behaving like businesses, that's because they 

are. If you consider the lifecycle of an attack, 

the entry point might be a phishing attack or 

the exploitation of a vulnerability. 

"The team discovering that entry point might 

then install some command-and-control 

software, at which point they can sell access 

to the system. A buyer of that access then 

uses the compromised systems for their 

purposes, which might include exfiltration 

of data or a combination of ransomware and 

data exfiltration. 

"Defending against these attacks starts with 

first principles. If an attacker is unable to 

readily exploit a weakness in people, process 

or technology, then they can't execute their 

attack and move on an easier target. 

Identifying weaknesses is the province of 

threat models, and such models recognise 

that no security is perfect. Instead, they 

focus on identifying the threat, then defining 

reasonable protections to mitigate the threat, 

and lastly monitoring for indications that 

someone has successfully used the threat 

in an attack. 

"Avoiding being targeted is easy - resist 

the urge to pay the ransom. There is no 

guarantee that decryption keys provided 

by an attacker will completely restore 

a system and, once you pay, your identity 

and willingness to pay ransoms is data 

that can be sold as part of a post-attack 

monetisation plan," he concludes. 

James Tamblin, BlueVoyant UK: "The 

cyber-criminal economy presents a 

cybercrime-as-a-service (CaaS) model that 

provides ready-made tools and services. 

Sashank Tadimeti, Protiviti: evolution of 

'Ransomware as a Service' [RaaS] has enabled 

non-skilled malicious actors to hire cybercriminals 

to target CNI entities. 


23

cyber power 

POWER VACUUM 

CYBER POWER MAY WELL BE A VITAL COMPONENT IN PROTECTING NATIONAL 

INTERESTS, BUT HOW EFFECTIVELY WILL IT PLAY OUT IN REALITY? 

Cyber Power - the ability to protect and 

promote national interests in and 

through cyberspace - is, according to 

the UK government, becoming an ever more 

vital lever of national power and a source of 

strategic advantage. But it comes at a price - 

the mounting cyber threats that are associated 

with it. The government's National Cyber 

Strategy 2022 sets out to exploit 

opportunities, and tackle evolving threats and 

risks. We asked some of the industry's key 

players whether that strategy is up to the task 

and what else needs to be done to make the 

UK more resilient to cyber-attacks. 

"A lot of noise from some geopolitical 

pundits and think tanks - potentially backed 

by cyber security and defence lobbyists - 

continues to be generated against the 

backdrop of the war in the Ukraine," says 

Ian Thornton-Trump, CISO, Cyjax. With the 

conflict now running well over the 100 days' 

mark, many assumptions about the strength 

of the Russian military and cyber capabilities 

appear to have been greatly exaggerated. "The 

evidence of Russian military incompetence is 

littered across the battlefield and the idea 

that a Russian 'Battalion Tactical Group' could 

perform as a near peer adversary to the 

integrated NATO Battle Group was 

aspirational at best and farcical at worst." 

So, too, it appears with Russian cyber forces, 

which also seem to have failed to achieve any 

sort of impactful, substantial or persistent 

cyber-attack on Ukraine during the conflict, he 

adds. "In fact, western technology firms were 

geared up and ready for a potential Russian 

onslaught of global cyber war, which has 

completely failed (so far) to materialise. These 

revelations about the iron and cyber curtain of 

the Russian 'Great Oz' should spark a NATO 

and G-20 rethink." 

The idea of 'Cyber Power' as this vital lever 

of national power and a source of strategic 

advantage is questionable, states Thornton- 

Trump. "This does not seem to be the case and 

is being oversold as a solution to complex 

geopolitical relationships. China, for instance, 

is not going to cease being a protagonist 

against Taiwan's move towards independence 

because of a DDoS attack." 

And as he points out: "Although some NATO 

cyber capabilities have greatly assisted the 

Ukraine defensive efforts, especially when it 

comes to Intelligence, Surveillance, Tracking 

& Reconnaissance (ISTAR) of Russian army 

leadership, Ukraine is not crying out for more 

cyber capabilities: it is requesting heavier 

weapons, such as more rocket artillery, 

howitzers and main battle tanks to defeat the 

enemy occupiers. Equal to the heavy weapons 

request, and perhaps even more effective, has 

been the extraordinary economic sanctions 

brought against Russia, which appear to be 

degrading and directly disrupting the ability of 

the Kremlin to wage the war with the bonus 

of undermining Putin's regime." 

Setting aside the thoughts of the military 

industrial complex's lobbying efforts, what 

does he believe 'Cyber Power' can actually 

achieve, in real terms? "Not very much, it 

seems, other than espionage and surveillance 

of persons and groups of interest. Of course, 

there have been covert and overt cyber-attacks 

conducted by nation state actors against 

nation state defenders - by both sides - but 

the question to ask is whether any of those 

attacks have curtailed a nation state's 

behaviour or achieved any substantial geopolitical 

outcomes? Without access to 

classified analysis reports on 'this top-secret 

cyber-attack or espionage campaign altered 

the course of history', Chinese, Russian, Iranian 

and North Korean leaders all seem eager to 

continue to pursue their own aggressive 

foreign policy objectives. 

"'Cyber power' - if we even want to accept it 

as a term - is just another tool of implementing 

foreign policy and, like others, it cannot 

24 


cyber power 

stand alone or achieve any objectives without 

diplomatic, coalition building, economic aid 

(or sanctions) or overt or covert action, all of 

which require investment and support. When 

it comes to nation state objectives there is no 

'cyber easy button': it remains a difficult and 

messy business." 

BASIC SECURITY NEED 

"In the National Cyber Strategy 2022, the 

UK government details its commitment to 

establishing a future where the nation is more 

resilient to cyberattack, cyber is a national 

economic and strategic asset, and the UK 

effectively defends its position as a 'cyber 

power'," states Phil Lewis, CEO at Titania. "One 

of the key areas the strategy rightly focuses on 

is the increasing need for basic cyber security 

across all sectors and highlights what more 

businesses should be doing to prevent cyber 

security breaches and close the gaps in 

national resilience. Because, without the 

basics in place, the nation is exposed." 

The research used in the strategy indicates 

that 39% of businesses and 26% of charities 

have reported a security breach in the last 

year. But perhaps more worrying, says Lewis, 

is the line from Part 1 of the strategy that 

reads: 'Industry tells us that many businesses 

do not understand the cyber risks they face... 

and that there is often little motivation to 

report breaches and attacks.' 

Understanding the potentially catastrophic 

risk that exploitable vulnerabilities can pose 

to an organisation's operations - or indeed 

an entire supply chain - is key to prioritising 

remediation and mitigation strategies in order 

to develop better resilience, he insists. "It's as 

important as threat detection and response, 

and arguably a more basic requirement for 

every organisation. There are world-leading 

UK solutions designed to automate the 

detection and remediation of complex 

network vulnerabilities, as well as endpoint 

vulnerabilities. And some of these tools can 

even help prioritise remediation, based on the 

criticality of the risk the vulnerability poses to 

businesses. So, understanding the true extent 

of risks is now within reach of businesses of all 

shapes and sizes within the UK economy and 

the supply chain." 

Perhaps it's not surprising then that 

understanding and prioritising cyber risks to 

better defend networks appears to underpin 

all five of the pillars outlined in the strategy, 

he comments, "as this has never been a 

more achievable goal with the right risk 

management frameworks and automation 

technology in place. And it's great to see that 

the Government continue to lead by example, 

significantly reducing its own cyber risks 

across the public sector by 2025, in order to 

advance the UK's global position as a cyber 

power." 

Does the strategy and its implementation 

go far enough to ensure all critical national 

infrastructure (both commercial and 

governmental) and their supply chains 

establish defendable networks? "Time will tell," 

responds Lewis. "But its commitment to 

investing in cyber people, skills, partnerships, 

technologies and trusted risk management 

frameworks is clearly in the nation's best 

interest." 

SIGNIFICANT CHANGE 

Working over the last 15 years in the 

Government sector cyber security industry, 

Martin Walsham, director of Cyber Security, 

AMR CyberSecurity, has witnessed significant 

change in the level of cross-connectivity, 

dependency on the ICT systems to operate 

and deliver core business functions, and the 

evolving threat level. This period has also seen 

a lot of stimulus to the digital cyber economy, 

with the development and growth of a large 

number of SMEs. 

"This has resulted in the maturing of the UK 

market, the creation of new jobs and export 

opportunities; examples of these include 

Digital Shadows and Nettitude, which have 

grown, been acquired or received significant 

investment," he says. "This is something that 

Ian Thornton-Trump, Cyjax: a lot of noise 

from some geopolitical pundits and think 

tanks continues to be generated against the 

backdrop of the war in the Ukraine. 

Martin Walsham, AMR CyberSecurity: 

what has been put forward is a balanced 

comprehensive strategy, so it is important 

to focus on implementing what has been 

proposed. 


25

cyber power 

Phil Lewis, Titania: one key area the strategy 

rightly focuses on is the increasing need for 

basic cyber security across all sectors. 

Scott McAvoy, Kyndryl: cybersecurity is very 

much a shared responsibility and businesses 

need to play their part. 

I experienced first-hand with my first cyber 

start-up organisation, Info-Assure, which was 

acquired in 2016." The Government's current 

cyber strategy clearly sets out the main and 

evolving challenges, adds Walsham. 

"It is based on an honest appraisal of the 

shortfalls in current posture relating to 

legacy systems and the presence of known 

vulnerabilities within aspects of the 

Government systems, as well as reflecting 

on NCSC involvement - in 777 incidents 

managed by the National Cyber Security 

Centre between September 2020 and August 

2021, around 40% were aimed at the public 

sector. This upward trend shows no signs of 

abating." As with all strategies, it could be 

argued that more could be done and quicker, 

he says. "However, what has been put forward 

is a balanced comprehensive strategy, so it is 

important to focus on implementing what 

has been proposed. Most of the strategy 

detail is focused on resilience, detection and 

response. Very little detail is included outlining 

the Government strategy to deter and disrupt 

the root causes of cyber threats." 

This is alluded to within the strategy, he 

adds, but very little detail has been provided: 

"Such capabilities will include advanced 

protection and detection techniques, as well 

as targeted use of government's offensive 

cyber capability and broader international and 

diplomatic efforts to disrupt and deter such 

threats." 

If the strategy is to be effective, Walsham 

concludes, "then resilience, detection and 

response mechanisms need to be supported 

with robust measures to deter and disrupt, 

such as breaking up criminal networks and 

applying sanctions and other measures to 

aggressive nation states harming the UK 

sovereign cyber interests." 

FIVE KEY PILLARS 

With cyber-attacks posing an increasingly 

dangerous threat to society, Government 

initiatives such as the National Cyber Strategy 

are more essential than ever, says Scott 

McAvoy, UKI associate partner A & IS Security 

Practice, Kyndryl. "This latest strategy rests 

on five key pillars, ultimately aiming to 

strengthen the UK cyber ecosystem and build 

a more resilient digital UK. While it addresses 

some of the chinks in the current UK 

cybersecurity armour, the very nature of 

cybersecurity suggests it cannot protect 

entirely. Cyberthreats are an ever-moving and 

changing entity, and we need to reflect this 

in our approach to combatting them." 

According to McAvoy, we're at the point 

where nothing and no-one is immune to 

the nefarious charms of cyber-attackers. "As 

such, cybersecurity is very much a shared 

responsibility and businesses need to play 

their part. As well as following the guidelines 

set out in the National Cyber Strategy, 

organisations need to adopt a 'resilience by 

design' mindset. Over the past 30 years, the 

IT industry has compartmentalised itself into 

neat towers and silos, which have eventually 

evolved into dedicated disciplines. 

Mainframe, server, network, cloud, 

applications, security etc, each is a dedicated 

discipline and often professionals managing 

these are only interested in their own 

performance, handing over responsibility 

whenever a problem falls outside their direct 

remit. This siloed approach is particularly 

unhelpful in the event of a cyberattack. The 

towers create responsibility gaps, which 

make it impossible to mount an effective 

recovery and response. Preparing for 

resilience means redefining the structure." 

To break down silos, CIOs need to 

understand what the viable business function 

requirements are and ask how the whole IT 

estate, together, can work to support them, 

he concludes. "At a high level, it comes down 

to making sure that there is a generalist, 

holistic view of resilience in place. It needs 

to address what will actually matter to the 

business, not just in terms of resilience as an 

abstract ideal." 

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metaverse 

A WORLD APART 

INTEREST IN THE METAVERSE IS ON THE UP, BUT IS IT AN ILLUSORY 

WORLD FRAUGHT WITH DANGERS OR ONE WITH REAL PROMISE? 

The word 'metaverse' has yet 

to be fully defined, as it is 

not yet fully understood, 

states Dr Lydia Kostopoulos, SVP 

of emerging tech insights at 

KnowBe4. "However," she 

points out, "a high-level way 

to interpret it is an interactive 

digital space that can be 

experienced through 

virtual reality, 

augmented 

reality or 

on a 

traditional screen. Whether it is a digital 

environment on a screen, inside a VR 

headset or an augmented digital overlay 

on the physical environment, there are 

countless new business models, customer 

journeys and security needs that will 

arise." 

It is too early to know what will be 

successful and generate long-term value, 

but there are many things we do know, 

she adds. "We do know that there will be 

business models around the transactions 

of digital goods, advertising native 

to those environments and digital 

experiences. All of these models and 

experiences in these digital environments 

will create a multitude of data, from what 

was clicked to how long someone spent 

in a digital place or interacting with 

others. We know there will be artificial 

intelligence in the back-end, facilitating 

personalised ads, and also in the form of 

avatars or customer service chatbots." 

While development of these digital 

environments is still in the early stages, 

the benefits they bring are starting to 

show. "Musicians have been able to 

perform concerts for their fans in fully 

digital environments, fitness companies 

have created immersive worlds for people 

who want to exercise while feeling like 

they are flying over mountains or doing 

yoga on top of a mountain, artists have 

been able to digitally place their art in 

physical spaces to be seen only through 

special augmented reality apps, and there 

are many new use cases being developed 

today for immersive learning, medical 

28 


metaverse 

visualisation of disease and also digital 

twins of factories." 

However, some challenges and risks will 

need to be mitigated, she states. "If these 

spaces are meant to be safe, welcoming 

to everyone and promote commerce, then 

there need to be rules; just as we have 

rules on how we interact in the physical 

world. The digital streets in the metaverse 

should also have rules and those rules 

need to be enforced, and there need to 

be ways for grievances to be heard and 

a transparent process for how they will 

be addressed." Besides rules, there should 

also be transparency on how data is 

collected and ways in which people can 

opt out or control the data they are 

generating with their activity. 

"Ask a dozen different people in digital 

what the metaverse is and you are likely 

to hear a dozen different answers," says 

Thomas Bedenk, VP Extended Reality at 

Endava. "However, as it is most commonly 

understood, the metaverse will enable 

users to interact with a digital continuous 

3D space, rather than operating as an 

outsider through an abstract interface. 

"This offers companies a unique 

opportunity to gain much more insight 

into their customers' behaviours and 

intentions than ever before, which is 

hugely valuable data for a business to 

have access to." 

This will all be possible through the next 

generation of AR and VR devices, which 

will offer more advanced sensors for the 

likes of gesture, eye and face tracking, 

skin response and heart rate, he adds. 

"By monitoring these stats continuously 

and holistically, alongside AI voice 

interaction, it will allow for completely 

new insights into customer behaviour, 

such as being able to measure attention 

and emotion, while interacting with a 

brand or application." 

Having access to that much data brings 

with it a whole level of security and 

privacy challenges that companies should 

be aware of, he cautions. "Users have an 

increased sensitivity to this kind of data, 

because it is so close to who they are in 

the real world and makes them easily 

identifiable," states Bedenk. "You can 

already see different approaches to this, 

with one stream of thought pushing 

towards decentralisation and data 

sovereignty, while big platform owners 

like Microsoft, Apple, Google and 

Facebook try to improve their branding 

and positioning around data privacy. 

"Accelerating digital strategies towards 

the metaverse will require a lot of 

understanding of the trends that have 

led to this so-called 'metaverse moment', 

such as 3D data, powerful use cases and 

excellent user experience -which many 

digital strategies may well already reflect. 

However, getting data security and privacy 

right, along with ethics, is another key 

ingredient for positioning an organisation 

well for growing successfully through the 

metaverse." 

IMPACT ON WELLBEING 

Anna Collard, SVP of content strategy and 

evangelist at KnowBe4, points to the 

immersive nature of the metaverse where 

negative experiences such as trolling, 

groping or harassment can have more 

impactful effects on people's psychological 

wellbeing. "Currently, platforms 

make users responsible for setting up 

'safe zones', which limit others coming 

into their space, but we feel there needs 

to be more moderation and rules 

enforced by default," she continues. 

"There are already companies developing 

AI-based 'bouncers' for the metaverse. 

Like anywhere in society, wherever many 

people come together, we have to protect 

the vulnerable from the non-desirable 

behaviour that comes with human 

nature." 

Anna Collard, KnowBe4: we have to protect 

the vulnerable from the non-desirable 

behaviour that comes with human nature. 

Lydia Kostopoulos, KnowBe4: some 

challenges and risks around the metaverse 

will need to be mitigated. 


29

cyber resilience 

CYBER WOES 

MANY ORGANISATIONS FEEL NO MORE CONFIDENT IN THEIR ABILITY TO RESPOND TO 

CYBER RISKS NOW THAN THEY DID IN 2019. WHAT HAS TAKEN ITS TOLL ON THEM? 

" 

Sarah Stephens, Marsh: no surprise many 

organisations do not feel any more confident 

in their ability to respond to cyber risks. 

The toll of almost three years of 

unrelenting workplace disruption, 

digital transformation and 

ransomware attacks means that most 

leaders are no more confident in their 

ability to manage cyber risk than they 

were two years ago. This is according to 

a report published recently by insurance 

broker and risk advisor Marsh, along 

with Microsoft. 

The report, The State of Cyber Resilience, 

questioned over 660 cyber risk decision 

makers globally and analysed how cyber 

risk is viewed by various functions and 

executives in leading organisations, 

including cybersecurity and IT, risk 

management and insurance, finance, 

and executive leadership. 

One thing holding back confidence is 

that most companies have not adopted an 

enterprise-wide approach 

to cyber 

risk: one that at its core is about broadbased 

communication and fosters 

collaboration and alignment between 

stakeholders during key decision-making 

moments of truth on their cyber resilience 

journey. "For example, all departments 

that touch cyber risk should be involved 

in cyber incident management and cyber 

insights should be shared across the 

enterprise to appropriately address 

organisational cybersecurity weak spots," 

states Marsh. 

"This year, our report looks at how cyber 

risk is viewed by various functions and 

leaders in the company, specifically 

cybersecurity and IT, risk management 

and insurance, finance, and executive 

leadership. While all of these functions 

have common interests around cyber risks, 

we found they often act independently, 

missing the potential benefits that an 

enterprise-wide approach offers. Their 

different views and separate ways of 

managing cyber risks are reflected in our 

finding that only 41% of 

30 


cyber resilience 

organisations engage legal, corporate 

planning, finance, operations, or supply 

chain management in making cyber risk 

plans." 

According to the report, leadership 

confidence in their organisation's core 

cyber risk management capabilities - 

including the ability to understand/assess 

cyber threats, mitigate/prevent cyberattacks, 

and manage/respond to cyberattacks 

- is largely unchanged since 2019, 

when 19.7% of respondents stated they 

were highly confident, compared to 19% 

in 2022. 

"As we analysed the responses from the 

2022 Marsh and Microsoft Cyber Risk 

Survey, eight trends stood out, say the 

authors of the report: 

1 

. Cyber-specific enterprise-wide goals - 

including cybersecurity measures, 

insurance, data and analytics, and 

incident response plans - should be 

aligned to building cyber resilience versus 

simply preventing incidents, as every 

organisation can expect a cyberattack. 

73% of companies said they had 

experienced a cyberattack. 

2 

. Ransomware is considered the top 

cyber threat faced by companies, 

but not the only one. Other prevalent 

threats include phishing/social 

engineering, privacy breaches, and 

business interruption, due to an external 

supplier being attacked. 

3 

. Insurance is an important part of 

cyber risk management strategy, and 

influences the adoption of best practices 

and controls. 61% said their company 

buys some type of cyber insurance 

coverage. 

4 

. Adoption of more cybersecurity 

controls leads to higher cyber hygiene 

ratings. Just 3% of respondents rated 

their company's cyber hygiene as being 

excellent. 

5 

. Organisations lag in measuring cyber 

risk in financial terms, which hurts their 

ability to effectively communicate cyber 

threats across the enterprise. Just 26% of 

respondents said their organisation uses 

financial measures for cyber risk. 

6 

. Increased investment in cyber risk 

mitigation continues, though spending 

priorities vary across the enterprise. 64% 

said the spur to increasing cyber risk 

investments was having experienced an 

attack. 

7 

. New technologies need to be assessed 

and monitored on a continuous basis, 

not just during exploration and testing prior 

to adoption. 54% of companies said they 

do not extend risk assessments of new 

technologies beyond implementation. 

8 

. Firms take many cybersecurity actions, 

but widely overlook their vendors/digital 

supply chains. Only 43% have conducted 

a risk assessment of their vendor/supply 

chain. 

"Many conversations about cyber risk 

today begin with a discussion of the 

pervasiveness of ransomware," states the 

report. "Survey respondents ranked 

ransomware at the top of cyber risks facing 

their organisations, with more than onethird 

saying it is the number one threat, 

and nearly three-quarters placing it in the 

top three." Organisations also feel that 

the infinite number of vulnerabilities 

makes ransomware nearly impossible to 

safeguard against. "This hammers home 

the importance of developing a cyber 

resilient organisation." 

Professionals in risk management and 

insurance roles are more likely to point 

to ransomware as a key driver of attacks; 

board and CEO-level leaders are less likely 

to hold that view. "Given the continued rise 

of ransomware and the current tumultuous 

threat landscape, it is not surprising that 

many organisations do not feel any more 

confident in their ability to respond to cyber 

risks now than they were in 2019" is the 

view of Sarah Stephens, head of cyber, 

International, Marsh. 

Further, many organisations are still 

struggling to understand the risks posed by 

their vendors and digital supply chains as 

part of their cybersecurity strategies. Only 

43% of respondents stated that they have 

conducted a risk assessment of their 

vendors or supply chains. 

FURTHER INSIGHTS 

Other findings from the report include: 

Only 41% of organisations look beyond 

cybersecurity and insurance to engage 

their legal, corporate planning, finance, 

operations or supply chain management 

functions in making cyber risk plans 

Nearly four in ten respondents (38%) 

said their organisation uses quantitative 

methods to measure their cyber risk 

exposure, which is a critical step in 

understanding how cyberattacks and 

other events can create volatility. This is 

an improvement from the 2019 survey, 

when three in ten respondents (30%) 

stated that their organisation uses 

quantitative methods. 

Tom Reagan, cyber risk practice leader, 

US & Canada, Marsh, adds: "Cyber risks 

are pervasive across most organisations. 

Successfully countering cyber threats needs 

to be an enterprise-wide goal, aimed at 

building cyber resilience across the firm, 

rather than singular investments in incident 

prevention or cyber defence. Greater 

cross-enterprise communication can help 

organisations bridge the gaps that currently 

exist, boost confidence and better inform 

overall strategic decision-making around 

cyber threats." 


31

quantum on trial 

STEAL NOW - PROTECT NOW 

GLOBAL CYBER SECURITY EXPERTS NORMAN WILLOX AND TOM PATTERSON DEFEND 

THE CHANGE OF QUANTUM COMPUTING FROM SCIENCE FICTION TO SCIENCE FACT 

When it comes to the imminent and 

tremendous advances in quantum 

computing, do you wonder 

what position the world will be in, in just 

a few years' time? Do you wonder what 

government, industry and our adversaries 

are doing, and what you should be doing? 

The truth is that no one knows exactly what 

the state of quantum computing will be in 

the future, but there are already great strides 

being made by governments, academics 

and industry around the world in the race 

for 'quantum advantage.' When quantum 

advantage is achieved, bad actors won't need 

a sub-zero lab of their own, but will most 

probably be accessing it via a cloud service, 

much like the advanced technology of 

ransomware that has been made available to 

every crook with a computer and a credit 

card today. 

Defensively, key components of quantum 

resistance and encryption are now a reality, 

while quantum communication is underway 

and quantum clouds are beginning to 

become available for sensitive operations. The 

time for governments and companies to get 

ready is now. Our adversaries already are. 

The threat to governments, critical 

infrastructure and businesses, large and 

small, is most certainly real…it's just maths 

at this point. And these threats have already 

begun, with a new era of adversarial 

behaviour called 'steal now, decrypt later.' 

In these SNDL scenarios, adversaries are 

stealing large volumes of critical encrypted 

data that they cannot yet decrypt, but 

are confident that their coming quantum 

computers will soon be able to. We also 

know that quantum computer supported 

encryption hacking will come online years 

before the more mature quantum systems 

evolve; again highlighting that the most 

valuable information be protected now. 

PRESIDENT STEPS IN 

This matter is so significant, the President of 

the United States issued a National Security 

Memorandum and an Executive Order 

(EO) on 4 May 2022 aimed at securing the 

nation's competitive advantage in quantum 

information science (QIS), while mitigating 

the risks of quantum computers to the 

nation's cyber, economic and national 

security. This is the fourth such action just 

this year. 

Current public key encryption schemes rely 

on the outdated premise that it would take 

the fastest computers too many millions 

of years to be able to factor large prime 

numbers. So, as computers got incrementally 

faster, we just added extra bits to the key 

length to keep that premise alive. As the 

rapid advances of quantum computers over 

this past decade have gone from science 

fiction to science fact, we are getting 

closer and closer to 'Y2Q', when a quantum 

computer can run Shor's algorithm and read 

everything we've ever encrypted, regardless of 

key length. We need to not only have come 

up with better encryption by then, but we 

will need to have it be adopted, distributed, 

installed and maintained worldwide in 

advance. That takes years, so the time to 

begin that process is now. 

A bipartisan bill, the Quantum Computing 

Cyber Preparedness Act, was introduced into 

the House of Representatives in April, which 

seeks to speed, strengthen and provide 

regulation of quantum cyber security. The 

authors of this article both support this bill. 

While the bill helps to highlight the 

tremendous risks that are associated with 

the adversarial use of a quantum computer 

to decrypt government files and communications, 

it does not address the same need in 

the 16 critical infrastructure areas of our 

private sector. While this bill is a welcome 

step, Congress could go even further in 

protecting private corporations and business 

from this emerging and potentially imminent 

threat. 

The private sector owns approximately 85% 

of our critical infrastructure. Imagine if all our 

health records were laid bare, our banking 

information zeroed out, our transportation 

shut down or our energy turned off. All these 

critical infrastructure sectors rely on trusted 

encryption to provide even the most basic 

of operations. Additionally, the Federal 

Government is supported by a very large 

defence and security industrial base that has 

extensive sensitive government and industry 

32 


quantum on trial 

information. Protecting these critical supply 

chains is as important as protecting the 

agencies themselves. 

FOUR-STEP PROCESS 

In order to protect against bad actors using 

quantum computing in criminal, terroristic or 

intelligence activities, we believe that every 

component of government and the critical 

infrastructure sectors should be implementing 

a four-step process immediately: 

Conduct a complete inventory of where 

your organisation uses encryption; 

document the specific encryption details 

including algorithm, key distribution, 

provider, and partner(s) 

Begin to make your encryption 'agile' in 

a way that will allow for easier changes 

in the future 

Leverage the latest encryption available 

today, like the Messaging Layer Security 

(MLS) that is already designed to resist 

aggressive collection methods for 

communications and collaboration, 

and quantum-generated shared keys 

for symmetric algorithms 

Research and test the NIST candidate 

'quantum resistance' algorithms (available 

via the providers you've just inventoried), 

AND the newer 'quantum encryption' 

systems that rely on currently available 

use of quantum physics with random 

numbers, keys and more to provide 

provably secure encryption today with 

some existing algorithms. 

KEY TO SUCCESS 

We believe the above four steps are the 

key to success for today and tomorrow. 

A quantum-proofing strategy today is both 

needed and required. Finding the right talent, 

experts, partners, products, and tools to do 

such and keep on delivering it into the future 

will be paramount. There is an understandable 

misconception that the threat of adversarial 

use of quantum computing is just for 

governments to worry about. But it has 

the potential to affect everyone and every 

business. Everyone has secrets, intellectual 

property and sensitive information that is the 

cornerstone of their business or life, and 

everyone is vulnerable when it gets out. 

Today's ransomware has shown that the 

most sophisticated of cyber weapons quickly 

finds its way into criminal hands. So, what 

secret data do you have that you rely on 

systems to keep safe? Will you favour a 

product that can protect your information 

into the future or doesn't it matter to you? 

AND DON'T FORGET ALL THE VIRTUES! 

While we are sounding the warning bells 

to get ready for quantum computing, we 

certainly can't end this piece by not also 

extolling all the virtues it will bring. Quantum 

computing promises not just faster 

computing, but computing in completely 

new ways. Entirely new problems can be 

crafted and addressed, communications can 

become instantons, universal, and secure, 

remote sensing will be a reality, and so very 

much more. Beyond code-breaking, sectors 

including fintech, pharma, logistics, 

communications, space, climate and data 

analytics are all actively working to leverage 

the quantum computing on the horizon. 

In the 1960s, Albert Einstein famously called 

quantum computing 'spooky.' Today, with 

everything we now know, we find quantum 

computing exhilarating! 

It will take us to intellectual places we have 

never even imagined and solve problems we 

never thought solvable. 

Norman Willox. 

Tom Patterson. 


33

threat report 

AT WAR WITH CYBER-ATTACKS 

THE ONGOING CONFLICT IN UKRAINE HAS SEEN THE RESURRECTION 

OF THE INFAMOUS INDUSTROYER MALWARE AND OTHER THREATS 

ESET has released its T1 2022 Threat 

Report, summarising key statistics 

from ESET detection systems and 

highlighting notable examples of the 

company’s cybersecurity research. 

The latest issue of the ESET Threat Report 

recounts the various cyberattacks connected 

to the ongoing war in Ukraine that ESET 

Roman Kovác, ESET : Ukrainians fighting 

for their lives and sovereignty. 

researchers analysed or helped to mitigate. 

This includes the resurrection of the now 

infamous Industroyer malware, attempting 

to target high-voltage electrical substations. 

ESET telemetry also recorded other changes 

in the cyberthreat realm that might have 

a connection to the situation in Ukraine. 

Roman Kovác, chief research officer at ESET, 

clarifies why this report is so focused on 

cyberthreats related to this war. "Several 

conflicts are raging in different parts of the 

world, but for us, this one is different. Right 

across Slovakia's eastern borders, where ESET 

has its HQ and several offices, Ukrainians are 

fighting for their lives and sovereignty." 

Shortly before the Russian invasion, ESET 

telemetry recorded a sharp drop in Remote 

Desktop Protocol (RDP) attacks. The decline 

in these attacks comes after two years of 

constant growth - and as explained in the 

Exploits section of the latest ESET Threat 

Report, this turn of events might be related 

to the war in Ukraine. But even with this fall, 

almost 60% of incoming RDP attacks seen in 

T1 2022 originated in Russia. 

Another side effect of the war: while in 

the past, ransomware threats tended to 

avoid targets located in Russia, during 

this period, according to ESET 

telemetry, Russia was the most 

targeted country. Researchers at 

ESET even detected lock-screen 

variants using the Ukrainian 

national salute 'Slava Ukraini!' 

(Glory to Ukraine!). Since the 

Russian invasion of Ukraine, 

there has been an increase in 

the number of amateurish 

ransomware and wipers. Their 

authors often pledge support for 

one of the fighting sides and position the 

attacks as personal vendettas. 

Unsurprisingly, the war has also been 

noticeably exploited by spam and phishing 

threats, adds ESET. Immediately after the 

invasion on February 24, scammers started 

to take advantage of people trying to 

support Ukraine, using fictitious charities 

and fundraisers as lures. On that day, ESET 

telemetry detected a large spike in spam 

detections. 

ESET telemetry has also seen many other 

threats unrelated to the Russia/Ukraine war. 

"We can confirm that Emotet - the infamous 

malware, spread primarily through spam 

email - is back after last year's takedown 

attempts, and has shot back up in our 

telemetry," explains Ková?. Emotet operators 

spewed spam campaign after spam 

campaign in T1, with Emotet detections 

growing by more than a hundredfold. 

However, as the Threat Report notes, the 

campaigns relying on malicious macros 

might well have been the last, given 

Microsoft's recent move to disable macros 

from the internet by default in Office 

programs. Following the change, Emotet 

operators started testing other compromise 

vectors on much smaller samples of victims. 

The ESET T1 2022 Threat Report also 

reviews the most important research 

findings, with ESET Research uncovering: the 

abuse of kernel driver vulnerabilities; high 

impact UEFI vulnerabilities; cryptocurrency 

malware targeting Android and iOS devices; 

a yet-unattributed campaign deploying 

the DazzleSpy macOS malware; and the 

campaigns of Mustang Panda, Donot Team, 

Winnti Group, and the TA410 APT group. 

34 


Computing 

Security 


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vulnerable. 

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CS Jul-Aug 2022

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