German Submarine Warfare 1914-1918 in the Eyes - British Naval ...
German Submarine Warfare 1914-1918 in the Eyes - British Naval ...
German Submarine Warfare 1914-1918 in the Eyes - British Naval ...
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esponsible for High Seas Fleet operations. Each department was <strong>in</strong>dependent of<br />
<strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs. Overall coord<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g responsibility was with <strong>the</strong> Kaiser.<br />
180<br />
160<br />
140<br />
120<br />
100<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40 17<br />
20<br />
0<br />
17<br />
8<br />
8<br />
Table 6: <strong>German</strong> <strong>Submar<strong>in</strong>e</strong>s 1915-<strong>1918</strong> 29<br />
Sub-School: obsolete boats Sub-School: new boats<br />
Fleet: coastal Fleet: ocean-go<strong>in</strong>g<br />
50<br />
17<br />
17<br />
15<br />
1915 1916 1917 <strong>1918</strong><br />
Diesel motors became <strong>the</strong> standard means of submar<strong>in</strong>e propulsion early <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 20 th century. <strong>British</strong> submar<strong>in</strong>es had all been diesel boats s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> D-class <strong>in</strong><br />
1909, and <strong>in</strong> <strong>German</strong>y all boats from U-19 <strong>in</strong> 1913 onwards were diesel. In August,<br />
<strong>1914</strong> four hundred submar<strong>in</strong>es were <strong>in</strong> service worldwide, mostly of <strong>the</strong> obsolete<br />
paraff<strong>in</strong>/burn<strong>in</strong>g type. Brita<strong>in</strong> had seventy-two submar<strong>in</strong>es of which seventeen<br />
were new diesel-powered ocean-go<strong>in</strong>g submar<strong>in</strong>es. <strong>German</strong>y had fourteen Kört<strong>in</strong>g<br />
paraff<strong>in</strong>/keros<strong>in</strong>e boats and ano<strong>the</strong>r fourteen new diesel-powered U-boats <strong>in</strong><br />
service. 30<br />
Brita<strong>in</strong> and <strong>the</strong> <strong>German</strong> submar<strong>in</strong>es <strong>1914</strong>-<strong>1918</strong><br />
<strong>British</strong> <strong>Naval</strong> Intelligence <strong>1914</strong>-<strong>1918</strong><br />
Before <strong>the</strong> war <strong>British</strong> diplomatic naval attaches were <strong>the</strong> only sources of<br />
<strong>in</strong>telligence ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g for <strong>the</strong> Admiralty’s <strong>Naval</strong> Intelligence Division (NID). In<br />
1909, <strong>the</strong> first real Secret Services, MI5 and MI6, were created. 31 MI5 was<br />
responsible for counter-espionage and <strong>in</strong> WWI dismantled several <strong>German</strong><br />
espionage r<strong>in</strong>gs, turned around some of <strong>the</strong> spies and deceived <strong>the</strong> <strong>German</strong> <strong>Naval</strong><br />
Intelligence with wrong messages. MI6 was responsible for espionage on <strong>the</strong><br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ent. And <strong>the</strong>re was a remarkably effective espionage font of knowledge that<br />
29 Numbers based on: NA, HW 7/1, 2 and 3, and on: Groener, Deutsche Kriegsschiffe.<br />
Coastal submar<strong>in</strong>es: U-4 to U-18, UB-1 to UB-17, UC-1 to UC-15.<br />
30 Blair, Silent Victory, pp. 33-36. Details <strong>in</strong>: Lambert, Fisher’s Revolution.<br />
31 Andrew, MI5, and Jeffery, MI6.<br />
xviii<br />
115<br />
9<br />
17<br />
20<br />
112<br />
22<br />
27