Essential Cell Biology 5th edition

I:22 Index
transcription regulators/transcription
factors (continued)
in stem cells and precursor cells 712,
716–717
TCF in cancer 730–731
see also DNA-binding proteins
transcriptional repressors 274
transcriptional switches 273–274
transcriptomes 352
transcytosis 527
transducin 556, 557F
transfer RNAs (tRNAs) 232, 235T,
245–249, 251, 252F, 253–254, 256T,
288
transformation, bacterial 338
“transforming principle” (Avery et al.) 194
transgenic organisms 355, 357F,
358–360, 577
transgenic plants 359–361
transition states 146–147
translation 243–259
in the central dogma 4
ribosome involvement in 251–252
translation initiation factors 253
translocation see protein translocators
transmembrane proteins/receptors
as amphipathic 376
b barrels in 378
cadherins as 705
connexons as 707
enzyme-coupled receptors as 557
GPCRs as seven-pass 545
insertion process 505, 507, 509–510
integrins as 698–699
lectins as 383, 386
plants 567
reaction centers as 481
signal sequences 509–510
in signal transduction 539
single-pass and multipass 377, 391,
510
SNAREs as 514–515
see also membrane proteins; pump
proteins
transmembrane pumps see pump
proteins
transmission electron microscopy
(TEM) 10, 13F, 23F, 134, 169F
transmitter-gated ion channels 417–419
as ion-channel-coupled receptors
543F, 544
transport proteins 118F
HPr bacterial protein 124, 125–126F,
129
transport signals 513
transport vesicles see vesicular
transport
transporters 395–402
distinguished from channels 389, 392
glucose transporter 118F, 396, 398F,
400–401, 402F
pumps as 393
scramblases as 373
transposable elements/transposons
see mobile genetic elements
transposases 315
transverse tubules (T tubules) 604–605
treadmilling (in actin filaments) 594
tree of life 309–310, 314–315
triacylglycerols 54–55, 74F, 370F, 439F,
450
tricarboxylic acid cycle see citric acid
cycle
trichothiodystrophy 357F
triose phosphate isomerase 436F
tRNAs (transfer RNAs) 232, 235T,
245–249, 251, 252F, 253–254, 256T,
288
tropomyosin/troponin 605
trypsin 132, 142T, 159–160, 161F
tryptophan operon/tryptophan
repressor 273–275, 278
Tsien, Roger 520
tuberculosis 524
tubulins
a-tubulin 581
b-tubulin 581–583
g-tubulin 582
see also microtubules
tumor suppressor genes 723–725,
726–728, 730
tumors, benign 719, 731
tumors, malignant see cancers
turgor pressure 395, 405F, 693, 695F
turnover numbers 143
turnover times 711–712
two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
161, 167F, 270
tyrosine aminotransferase 270
tyrosine kinases 542
see also RTKs
tyrosine phosporylation, RTKs 558–559
U
ubiquinone 464, 469, 472F–474, 482
ubiquitin 153, 257, 528, 617, 618F, 634F
ultracentrifuge 60–61, 164F–165F,
203–204, 252F
ultraviolet radiation
formation of thymine dimers 216F
use in visualizing labeled DNA
fragments 336
uncoupling agents 476–477
undifferentiated cells 283, 359, 692, 712
see also stem cells
unfolded protein response (UPR) 518
uniparental inheritance 664F, 665
uniports 400–401, 402F
units of measurement 11F
molecular weight 41
unsaturated hydrocarbons/fatty acids
54, 66F, 74F, 371–372
unstructured regions, proteins 130–131
UPR (unfolded protein response) 518
UTR 3′ and 5′ untranslated region
(3′ UTR and 5′ UTR) 238F, 243, 288,
322T
uracil
as characteristic of RNA 209, 229
poly-U as coding for phenylalanine
246–247
as a pyrimidine base 57, 78F
resulting from cytosine deamination
262
urea 68F, 123F
V
vaccines 361, 547, 720
Vale, Ron 588–589
van der Waals attractions 48, 70F
vectors, plasmids as 337–339, 360–361F
velocity sedimentation 165F
vertebrates
cyclins and Cdks 617T
DNA loss and gain during evolution
and gene numbers 313
whole-genome duplication 306
vesicles
artificial 385
coated vesicles 512–513, 514F,
524–525, 526F
communication between organelles
499
formation by epithelial cells 705,
706F
Golgi apparatus 20F, 374F
membrane renewal via 370–371
vesicular transport
of proteins from ER 21, 501–502,
506–507, 511–515
of proteins within and from Golgi
apparatus 519
tethers and SNAREs in 514–515
Viagra 555
video-enhanced microscopy 585F, 588
vimentin (and vimentin-related)
filaments 577
vincristine and vinblastine 584T
viral capsids 135F
Virchow, Rudolf 609
viroids 261F
viruses
detection in blood samples 344F
disease states caused by 318T
hosts and genomes 317–318
and mobile genetic elements
315–320
protein coats 134
reproduction 317–318
retroviruses 318–319, 320F
RNAi as protection from 291
spontaneous assembly 319
T2 virus 195
whether living 5
vitamin A 149, 360–361
vitamin B 12
and uptake by endocytosis
526
vitamins, biotin as 149
V max
(maximum reaction rate) 143,
144–145
voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels 416, 417F,
604F
voltage-gated K + channels 414–415,
419T
voltage-gated Na + channels 411, 414,
415F
W
water
acid and base formation in 69F
biologically significant properties 48,
68F–69F
diffusion across membranes
390–391
electrostatic attractions in 71F
hydrogen-bonding in 47
osmosis 394–395
proton mobility and availability 469
redox potential 484
solubility of ionic compounds 69F
as source of oxygen atoms in citric
acid cycle 440
as source of oxygen gas in
photosynthesis 483