Essential Cell Biology 5th edition

Index
I:21
spindle poles 627F, 629F, 631, 633, 635F
spliceosome 235T, 240, 241F
splicing machines/sequences see RNA
splicing
spontaneous reactions
depurination and deamination 215
energy barriers 91–92, 94F–95F
genome duplication 306
protein renaturation 123, 134, 258
virus reassembly 319F
SPT (single-particle tracking)
microscopy 385
squid giant axons 411–413, 588
squiggle P (“high-energy” phosphate
bond) 103.
SRPs (signal-recognition particles) and
SRP receptors 508–509, 511F
Stahl, Frank 202–204
staining
chromosome painting 179, 180F,
184F, 722F
for microscopy 3F, 8–10, 12F
standard free-energy change, Gº
defined 92–93
equilibrium constant and 95F–96F
example reactions 94F
hydrolysis of phosphates 105, 434
redox potential difference and
470–471, 472F
standard redox potential, E′ 0
472F
starch 53, 449F, 450–451, 487, 672–673
Start, G 1
to S transition as 620
start codons 254, 255F
start-transfer sequences 509
statins 147
stem cells 712–718
differentiated cells from 712–714,
716
embryonic stem cells (ES) 283,
285–286, 356, 715–717
induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)
285–286, 716–718
stereocilia 13F, 409F
steroids/sterols
crossing the plasma membrane
565–566
as lipids 55, 75F
synthesis in smooth ER 497
see also cholesterol; cortisol; sex
hormones
“sticky ends” of DNA 335F
Stoeckenius, Walther 477
stop codons 245F, 251, 254, 255F, 324
stop-transfer sequences 510
storage proteins 118F
Streptococcus pneumoniae
(pneumococcus) 193–194, 338
stresses, mechanical 577
striated muscle see skeletal muscle
stroma (chloroplasts) 478, 487
STRs (short tandem repeats) 344F
structural formulas see molecular
models
structural proteins 118F
strychnine 419, 544T
substrate binding
and activation energy 89–90
affinity and K M
143
electrostatic component 71F
noncovalent interactions and 100,
137
specificity 63, 139, 142
see also ligands
substrate concentrations
and equilibrium reactions 99
and Michaelis constant 143, 144
substrate-level phosphorylation 432,
434F, 435, 476
subunits
cytoskeletal filament types 574
polypeptide chains as 132
see also macromolecules; polymers
succinate/succinyl-CoA 442F–443F
succinate dehydrogenase 444–445
sugars
a and b links 73F
breakdown and utilization 428–446
as carbohydrates 52
from carbon fixation 484–487
in cell respiration 427
chemistry of 73F
numbering system 78F, 177F
prime mark numbering 78F
ring closure 72F
as subunits 51, 52–54
sucrose biosynthesis 488
types 72F–73F
see also fructose; glucose; inositol
sulfur bacteria 15F
superoxide radicals 474–475
surgery, for cancer 728
survival factors/signals (and apoptosis)
643–645, 723
SV40 virus 135F
Svedberg, Theodor 60–61
switch proteins see molecular switches
symbiosis
chloroplasts 458
mitochondria 18
symports 400–402, 403F, 403T, 419
synapses 158F, 359, 416, 417F, 418,
419–421, 535, 536T, 544, 554
synaptic cell signaling 419T, 420–421
synaptic cleft 416–417, 420
synaptic vesicles 416, 417F, 420F
synaptonemal complexes 658–659
Szent-Györgyi, Albert 444
T
T tubules (transverse tubules) 604–605
T2 virus 195
tandem mass spectrometry 160–161
taste, of PTC 664
TATA boxes 236, 237F, 276–277F, 281F
Taxol 584
taxonomy and comparative genomics
314
Tay-Sachs disease 681–682
TCF transcription regulator 730–731
telomerases 213–214, 289, 291, 723
telomeres 181, 183F, 213–215, 232T,
723
telophase 627, 629F, 635–636, 638, 639F
temperature-sensitive mutants 520,
521F, 677–678
template strands
DNA replication 200, 205–207
transcription 230–231, 234, 260
templates, RNA use by retroviruses 318
teosinte 307, 308F
terminal differentiation 286, 622, 644,
712–714
terminator sequences 233
testosterone 75F, 536T, 565–567
tethering of transcription regulators by
DNA 276
tethering proteins 156, 157F, 382, 385,
514–515, 699, 705
GPCR subunits 545
microtubules 583
TFIIB/D/E/F/H 236–237
thermodynamics, laws of 83–85
third-generation sequencing techniques
350
“three-parent families” 459
thrombin 142, 552T
thylakoid membrane 458F, 479–483,
485F, 487F, 505
thymine
dimers 215–216
as a pyrimidine base 57, 78F
thymosin 595
tight junctions 382, 383F, 401, 527F,
703–705, 708F
timelines, RNA world 259
see also historical landmarks
Timothy syndrome 717
tissue-specific knockouts 357
tissue types 8F, 695
tissues
maintenance and renewal 709–718
as mix of cell types 710
stem cells in repair 715–716
tobacco smoking 685, 720
Tor protein (target of rapamycin) 562,
645F
touch-sensitive plants 405, 409F
toxins
acting on actin filaments 594
curare 419, 544T
G proteins and 547–548
ouabain 397, 398F, 399
strychnine 419, 544T
see also poisoning
Tradescantia 7F
transcription
in central dogma 4, 228
and control of gene expression
270–278
cyclic AMP and 552F
eukaryotic, location in nucleus 238
general transcription factors
235–237, 271, 276––277, 279F
initiation of 233, 235
mechanism of 224–243
post-transcriptional controls
287–292
rates of 231
transcription initiation sites/complexes
233, 236, 271, 276
transcription regulators/transcription
factors
bacterial 271–275
combinatorial control 279, 282–285
conserved structures 132
in embryonic development
280–281
eukaryotic 235–238, 276–277, 279
fusion with Cas9 359
Lac repressor as 118F
master transcription regulators 284,
286
numbers, in humans 284
p53 153, 621
and regulatory DNA sequences
271–272
repressors and activators 274–275