Essential Cell Biology 5th edition

I:20 Index
rRNAs (ribosomal RNAs) 169F, 231F,
232, 250, 251F, 252–253, 288–289
genes encoding 184F, 235T, 248,
314
sequence in molecular phylogenetics
314
RTKs (receptor tyrosine kinases)
as enzyme-coupled receptors 153,
557
growth factor binding 644, 645F
insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
family 560–561
intracellular signaling pathways
from 562F
MAP kinase and 560
PI 3-kinase and 561, 562F
Rubisco (ribulose bisphosphate
carboxylase) 59, 118F, 168F, 485–486
S
S-Cdks 614, 617, 620–621, 622F, 623,
624F, 630
S cyclin 614, 617
S phase, cell cycle 611–614, 617–621,
623–625, 630F, 644
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
cell-cycle control 616
cell size and shape 3F, 16F
gene density 180F
genome size 35T, 181
mating factors 534
as model organism 28
protein substitution 30–31
saltatory movements 586
Sanger sequencing 346, 347F
sarcomeres 601–603, 605
sarcoplasmic reticulum 400F, 403T,
604–605
saturated hydrocarbons/fatty acids 54,
66F, 74F, 371–372
scaffolds
long noncoding RNAs 291
scaffold proteins 156–157, 158F,
541F, 558
scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
11, 13F
Schizosaccharomyces pombe 30–31,
616
Schleiden, Matthias 7, 24T
Schwann, Theodor 7, 24T
Schwann cells 710
scramblases 373
SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and
SDS-PAGE 167F, 379F
second-generation sequencing
techniques 347, 350
second law of thermodynamics 83–84,
90
second messengers (small messengers)
541, 549–552, 554–555, 557F
secretory cells/vesicles 522
secretory pathways 511–512, 515–523,
678
see also exocytosis
securin 633
segregation, law of independent
666–668
self-organizing structures 134
semiconservative model, DNA
replication 201–202, 204
separase 633
sequence and conformation,
macromolecules 59, 62
see also amino acid sequences;
nucleotide sequences
sequence selectivity, nucleases 335
sequential reactions
citric acid cycle 444
free-energy change, G 98–99
see also coupled reactions
serine proteases 132
serine/threonine kinases
Akt as 561
PKA as 550
as switch proteins 542
Tor as 562
serotonin
as an excitatory neurotransmitter
419–420, 550F
muscle contraction 605
sex chromosomes 320, 657
X chromosomes 179, 191, 192F, 277,
291
Y chromosomes 179, 567, 652
sex-determination genes 223F
sex hormones
estradiol 536T, 565, 566F
testosterone 75F, 536T, 565–567
sex pili 308F
sexual reproduction
benefits 652–654
genetic change and 5, 299–300,
653
in unicellular organisms 654
shapes of cells 2
Sheetz, Michael 588
Shimomura, Osamu 520
short tandem repeats (STRs) 345F,
364F
shotgun sequencing 348–349
sickle-cell anemia 160T, 222, 680
sigma factor 233F, 234, 236, 271
signal conversion, electrical and
chemical 416–417
signal molecules see extracellular signal
molecules; intracellular signaling
molecules
signal proteins 118F
signal-recognition particles (SRPs) and
SRP receptors 508–509, 511F
signal sequences (sorting signals)
501–502, 504–505, 507, 509
ER retention signals 517, 519
in vitro investigations 520
signal transduction 534, 539, 545, 558,
568
intracellular signaling pathways
539–540
SINEs (short interspersed nuclear
elements) 322F
Alu sequence 310, 311F, 317, 322F
Single Molecule Real Time sequencing
350
single-nucleotide polymorphisms see
SNPs
single-strand DNA-binding proteins 211
single-strand DNA viruses 318
single-stranded DNA 623
siRNAs (small interfering RNAs)
290–291, 355
sister chromatids 183, 625, 626F,
627–629F, 631, 657–658, 660, 661F
anaphase separation 633–634, 635F
in meiosis 657–658, 659F, 661F
sizes
of atoms 41
of bacteria 14F
of cells and their components 2, 11F
skeletal muscle
acetylcholine effects 418F, 539, 543
adrenaline effects 551
muscle contraction 601–603
myostatin and muscle mass 645,
646F
skin
cell types 710
electron micrograph of 698F
epidermis, as epithelial sheet
701–702, 711F, 713
epidermis, renewal 712
in epidermolysis bullosa simplex
577, 579
hyperextensible 697, 698F
sliding clamps (on DNA) 211–212, 213T
small contractile bundles 593
small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) 289,
290–291, 355
small messengers (second messengers)
541, 549–552, 554–555, 557F
small molecules
in cells 50–58
enhancing protein function 148–149
small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) 240
smoking tobacco 685, 720
smooth muscle 286, 536T, 555, 575,
600, 605, 692F
SNAREs 514–515
SNPs (single-nucleotide
polymorphisms) 327–328
human disease and 683, 684–685
snRNAs (small nuclear RNAs) 240
snRNPs (small nuclear ribonuclear
proteins) 240, 241F
sodium chloride 46–47, 68F
solutes
active and passive membrane
transport 392–393
lipid bilayer impermeability 390
transport in plants, bacteria, and
fungi 402
somatic cells
distinguished from germ cells 299,
652
mutation in cancer 720, 726
sorting signals see signal sequences
space-filling models
DNA double helix 177F
phosphatidylcholine 368F
protein structure 124, 125–126F
“spacer” DNA 279F, 323, 340
special pair (chlorophyll dimer) 481,
482F, 483–484, 485F
specialization (of cells in multicellular
organisms) 3
species
chosen as model organisms 27–36
estimated numbers 2
with genomes sequenced 180, 323
spectrin protein 380–381
spectrophotometry 144
sperm
as gametes 652
mitochondria in 459–460
propulsion 590–591
sphingomyelin 373–374F
spindle assembly checkpoint 635
spindle equator 632