Essential Cell Biology 5th edition

Index
I:19
pyrophosphate (PP i
) 111, 112F, 206
pyruvate
fermentation 433
in gluconeogenesis 448
in glycolysis 430–431, 437F
wider role 447
pyruvate dehydrogenase 438, 447
Q
quality control, DNA see proofreading
quality control, gametes 663
quality control, proteins 516, 517
quaternary structures, protein 129, 132
quinones see plastoquinone; ubiquinone
R
Rab GTPases 514, 515F
Rac protein 599F
Racker, Efraim 477
radiation damage 215, 712, 715, 720
radiolabeling
amino acids 246–247, 520
T2 bacteriophage 195
radiotherapy 728
random walks 99
rapamycin 562
Ras-GAP 559
Ras GTPase/Ras gene 562F, 564, 673,
722
activation by RTKs 559–560
Rb protein 620–621
reaction centers (chlorophyll) 481–483,
484–485F, 489
reaction rates
enzyme effects 95F, 142–144
maximum (V max
) 143–145
reactions see chemical reactions
reading frames 245, 252F, 253, 324
ORFs (open reading frames) 324
receptor-mediated endocytosis 525–526
receptor proteins 118F
receptor serine/threonine kinases 567
receptor tyrosine kinases see RTKs
receptors
insulin receptor 563
mutant receptor studies 563
role in signal transduction 534, 537
receptors, cell-surface
death receptors 642
effector proteins and 537, 540, 552,
560
enzyme-coupled receptors 543, 545,
557–569
interfering substances 544T
main classes 543–544
see also GPCRs; transmembrane
proteins
recessive alleles 665–666
recessive mutations
complementation tests 678
loss-of-function 672
persistence in the human genome
673–674
recombinant DNA technology
DNA cloning 337, 361
see also genetic engineering
recombinases 357
red blood cells 367, 380–381, 524, 710,
712
redox pairs 471
redox potentials
effects of concentration 472F
electron affinities and 470–471
standard redox potential, E′ 0
472F
water and NADPH 484
redox reactions 107, 470–472F
reductions 87–88
redundancy, in the genetic code 244
Reese, Thomas 588
refractive indices 8–9
regulated exocytosis pathway 522
regulatory DNA
as conserved 313
in human genome 35
point mutations and 302, 303F
reporter gene studies 280–281,
352–353
and species differences 312, 326
and transcription regulators 235,
271–272
regulatory ligands 151–152, 156
regulatory pathways targeted by
cancers 725–726
regulatory RNAs 288–289, 322T, 325,
708, 710
regulatory sites 145, 150–151, 566
renaturation, DNA see DNA
hybridization
repair DNA polymerases 210F, 215,
217–218, 221
replication forks 201, 205–207, 209–213,
219, 623, 624F
asymmetry 206–207
replication machines 200–201, 205,
210–211, 218
replication origins
in bacteria 201
in eukaryotic chromosomes 181,
183F
initiation of DNA synthesis 201
origin recognition complex 623
replication forks at 201, 205
reporter genes 280–281, 352–353
repressor proteins 274, 277, 280, 288
resolution
electron microscopy 13F, 169F
fluorescence microscopes 9, 13F
light and electron microscopes 9–10
resonance (alternating double bonds)
66F
respiratory chain see electron-transport
systems
respiratory enzyme complexes 464–465
restriction nucleases 335–339, 349,
358–359
retinal 148, 379–380
retinoblastoma 620
retrotransposons 316–317
see also Alu sequences; L1 element
retroviruses 318–319, 320F
reverse genetics 354
reverse transcriptase 316–317, 319–320
and cDNA libraries 339, 340F
and PCR 344F
Rho GTPase 598–599
rhodamine 382F
rhodopsin
bacteriorhodopsin 118F, 160T,
379–380, 397, 402, 403T, 477, 545
channelrhodopsin 421, 422F
as a GPCR 545, 556
retinal and 148–149
ribbon models 124, 126–127F, 130
ribonucleases (RNases) 243, 246, 340
ribose, ready formation of 261
ribosomal RNAs see rRNAs
ribosome-binding sequences 288, 289F
ribosomes
electron microscopy 10–11F
free and membrane-bound 508
inside organelles 501
location in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes 20F
mRNA decoding by 249–252
polyribosomes (polysomes) 255, 508,
509F
as protein complexes 63
as ribozymes 252–253
speed of operation 251
structure 169F, 250–251
see also endoplasmic reticulum
ribozymes 109, 252–253, 259–260, 261T
ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate 485–486
ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase
(Rubisco) 59, 118F, 168F, 485–486
ring closure, sugars 72F
RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex)
289–290
RITS (RNA-induced transcriptional
silencing) 291
RNAs
chemical differences from DNA 58,
229
as DNA replication primers 208
double-stranded (dsRNA) 318
essentially single-stranded 229–230
genetic information storage 260
genetic information transcription 4,
228
as indicators of gene expression 270,
351–352
intermediate for retrotransposons
317F
and life’s origins 259–262
miRNAs (microRNAs) 232, 289, 290F
noncoding 232, 288–289, 291–292,
325, 352
siRNAs (small interfering RNAs)
290–291, 355
snRNAs (small nuclear RNAs) 240
synthesis in eukaryotes 242, 244F
tRNAs (transfer RNAs) 232, 235T,
245–249, 251, 252F, 253–254, 256T,
288
types of RNA 232
see also mRNAs; rRNAs
RNA capping 238, 254, 258F
RNA interference (RNAi) 290–291,
354–355, 359, 564, 676, 677F
RNA polymerases
compared to DNA polymerase 232
primase as 209
RNA polymerase I 235
RNA polymerase II 235–239, 242
RNA polymerase III 235
in transcription 230–234
RNA processing, nuclear 237–238
RNA scaffolds 157
RNA-Seq technique 325, 352
RNA splicing 228, 230F, 232T, 239–241,
244F, 259, 261T, 288, 298
RNA viruses 319F
“RNA world” 109, 259
rod domains, intermediate filaments
575–576
rods (photoreceptor cells) 556, 557F