Essential Cell Biology 5th edition

I:18 Index
polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis
(PAGE) 161F, 167F, 336
polyadenylation/poly-A tails 237–239,
242, 243–244F, 253F
polycistronic RNAs 254
polyisoprenoids 75F
polymers
energy in synthesis 110–111
importance in living things 39
see also macromolecules; subunits
polymorphisms
disease predisposition and
679
formation of haplotype blocks
679–680
see also SNPs
polynucleotides see nucleic acids
polynucleotide phosphorylase
246
polypeptide backbones 119–121, 122F,
124, 126, 127F, 128, 377
polypeptide side chains see amino
acid side chains
polypeptides
C- and N-termini 56, 120
theoretically possible number
131–132
proteins as 119–120
ubiquitin as 153
polyps 726–727, 731
polyribosomes (polysomes) 255, 508,
509F
polysaccharides 53, 73F
cellulose as 694
lysozyme effects 143, 146F
protein gels with 700–701
in proteoglycans 700
starch 53, 449F, 450–451, 487,
672–673
see also glycogen
porins 125F, 378, 403, 452, 461–462,
468F
aquaporins 394, 404
porphyrin rings 481F
see also chlorophyll; heme
positive feedback 284, 286–287, 540,
541F, 625F
positive regulation 151
post-transcriptional controls 287–292
post-translational modifications 258,
288
see also covalent modification
postsynaptic cells 416–418, 420
pre-mRNAs (precursor messenger
RNAs) 239–242, 244F
precursor cells 712–714, 715F, 718, 722,
731
prereplicative complexes 623
presynaptic cells 416–417, 420
primary structures, protein 159
primases 208–209
primate phylogenetic trees 310
primers, DNA for PCR 342, 343F
primers, RNA for DNA synthesis
208, 210
prions 129, 130F
probability 83
procaspases 641–642, 643F
procollagen 697, 698F
profilin 595
progeria 579
programmed cell death 640
see also apoptosis
prokaryotes
antibiotics and 255–256
comprising bacteria and archaea 14,
15–16, 314
constituent domains 15
genome simplicity 34
prokaryotic cell 11–16
see also bacteria
prometaphase 627–628F, 632, 635,
636F
promoters
in transcription control 233–237
and transcription regulators 271,
273–277, 278F, 279
pronuclei 355F, 663
proofreading 207–208, 209F
prophase
meiosis 655, 657–659, 661F, 672F
mitosis 627, 628F, 630–631
proteases
controlled breakdown by 256–257
matrix proteases 697
protein sequencing 158
proteasomes 169F, 257
proteins
as amino acid polymers 4, 56
denaturing and renaturing 123,
342F
ER modification 516
fusion proteins 353, 521, 724F
identification through
co-immunoprecipitation 563, 730
interchangeability between species
30–31
large-scale production 361
lifetime and breakdown 256–257
misfolding 129, 130F, 257, 517–518,
673, 682
multiplicity of functions 117–118F,
137–149
nature of genes and 227
phosphorylation 152–153
primary, secondary, tertiary, and
quaternary structures 129
production using genetic
engineering 158, 161–162, 361
purification and analysis 158–162
regulation of activity 149–158
RNA translation into 4
shape and structure 119–136
specific to cell types 269–270
synthesis 255–256, 257–259
unfolding to cross membranes 501,
505–506
see also pump proteins; protein
machines
protein-coding genes
DNA cloning 340
human genome 270, 322–323, 324,
325F
other species 35
reporter gene studies 280–281,
352–353
protein complexes
noncovalent bonding 63
as protein machines 155–156
protein–DNA interaction, transcription
regulators 271–272
protein domains 130, 131F, 139, 153F,
306–307
protein families 132, 162
protein filaments 9F, 22, 24T, 134, 503,
573–574
protein kinases
Akt kinase 561, 562F
CaM-kinases 554
and complex cell behaviors 562, 567
in intracellular signaling 542
and protein phosphatases 152, 542
tyrosine and serine/threonine 542
Wee1 inhibitory kinase 618F, 625
see also Cdks; PKA; PKC
protein machines 155–156
replication machines 200–201, 205,
210–211, 218
see also motor proteins; ribosomes
protein phosphatases
Cdc6 623, 624F
Cdc25 618F, 623, 625
and protein kinases 152, 542
protein sorting 496, 500–511, 519
protein structures see amino acid
sequences; conformations; domains;
helices
protein translocators 467, 501, 506, 509,
516
proteoglycans 382–383, 700–701
proteolytic cascades 640–642
proto-oncogenes 724–725, 727, 728T
protons
in atomic structure 40–41
hydronium ion formation 49
mobility and availability 469
proton gradients, electron-transport
chain 446
see also pH gradients
proton-motive force see electrochemical
H + gradients
proton pumps
ATP-dependent 397, 526–527
cytochrome b 6
-f complex as 484
electron-transport chain 464
endosomes 526
molecular mechanisms 469–475
probable evolution 488
protozoans
as eukaryotes 26
flagella 590
ingestion of other cells 26
Paramecium 2, 3F, 26F
variety 27
proviruses 319
Prozac 419
pseudogenes 305, 322T
pseudopods 524
psychoactive drugs 419–420
PTC (phenylthiocarbamide) 664
pufferfish 313
pump proteins
in active transport 380, 396–397
ATP-driven pumps 397, 399, 400F,
488F, 526–527
Ca 2+ pumps 118F, 399, 400F, 403T,
554, 605
chemiosmotic coupling and 462
gradient-driven pumps 397,
399–401, 402F
light-driven pumps 397, 402, 545
transmembrane pumps 403F, 403T
see also Na + pumps; proton pumps
purification techniques, protein 141F,
158–162
purifying selection 311F, 312–314
purines and pyrimidines 57, 176
see also bases (nucleotide)
pyrimidines 57, 67F, 151F, 176, 215