Essential Cell Biology 5th edition

Index
I:17
oxaloacetate 110F, 142, 430 438–439,
440F, 441–445, 447
oxidation
energy derivation from food 86–87
viewed as electron removal 87–88
oxidation–reduction reactions see redox
reactions
oxidative phosphorylation
efficiency 446
electron-transport systems in 445,
456
evolution 488–489
as a membrane-based mechanism
456, 461
in mitochondria 428, 461, 463
role of mitochondria 428, 432, 459–469
see also chemiosmotic coupling
oxygen
atmospheric, in catabolism 441
in cell respiration 464
photosynthetic origin 483
origin in Earth’s atmosphere 439,
455, 490F
water as source in citric acid cycle
440
P
p21 Cdk inhibitor 621
p27 Cdk inhibitor 619F
p53 gene/p53 protein 153, 621, 723,
728T
P site, ribosomes 251, 252F, 253–254
PAGE (polyacrylamide-gel
electrophoresis) 161F, 167F, 336
palmitic acid 54, 74F, 153
pancreatic b cells 267–268, 523F,
536T
Paneth cells 713F, 715F
paracrine signaling 534–536
Paramecium 2, 3F, 26F
Parkinson’s disease 716
parthenogenesis 652
Pasteur, Louis 8, 476
patch-clamp recording 160T, 407–408,
411F
paternity testing 345F
pathogenicity restoration, pneumococci
193–194, 338
Pauling, Linus 45, 160T, 202
PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
diagnostic use 341, 343–344
DNA cloning by 341–345
forensic science use 341, 343–344
second-generation sequencing 347,
350
PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor)
375T, 536T, 559, 644–645
peas, genetics of 664–669, 672–673
pectin 141F, 693–694F
pedigrees 668, 669F
penile erection 555
penile spines 326
peptide bonds 60, 67F, 70F, 76F, 92, 126
in proteins and polypeptides 56,
119–120
proteolysis 256
peptidyl transferases 253–254, 256T
periodic table 43
peroxisomes 21, 24T, 165F, 497F, 497T,
498, 500
protein import 506
pertussis 547
pH, organelles 527
pH gradients
across mitochondrial membranes
466–467
in isoelectric focusing 167F
see also electrochemical H +
gradients; proton gradients
pH scale 49, 69F
phagocytic cells 140F, 523–524,
640–641, 712
macrophages and neutrophils as
523, 524F
phagocytosis 523, 528F, 592
phalloidin 593F, 594, 599F
pharmaceuticals see drugs
phase-contrast optics 12F, 33F
phenotypes 666–669, 670F, 672–678,
680, 684
Phormidium laminosum 15F
phosphatases see protein phosphatases
phosphates
energy of phosphate bond 103
inorganic, and phosphodiesters 67F
see also nucleotides
phosphatidylcholine 55F, 74F, 367–368,
373F
phosphatidylethanolamine 373–374F
phosphatidylinositols 374F
phosphatidylserine 368F, 373–374F
phosphoanhydride bonds 57, 67F,
79F, 105F
phosphodiester bonds 58, 79F, 176, 205,
218F
phosphoenolpyruvate 434, 437F, 476
phosphofructokinase 436F, 448
phosphoglucose isomerase 436F
2-phosphoglycerate 437F
3-phosphoglycerate 434, 435F, 437F,
441F, 485, 486F
phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)
560–561, 562F
phospholipase C
diacylglycerol and inositol
trisphosphate from 549, 551–553
RTK use 559
phospholipids in cell membranes 55,
74F, 367–370
phosphorylation
as a condensation reaction 105
conformation changes following
151–153
control of molecular switches
542
of cyclin–Cdk complexes 616
lamins 578
mutual, of enzyme-coupled
receptors 558
of RNA polymerases 236–237, 238F
substrate-level phosphorylation
432, 434F, 435, 476
phosphorylation cascades 542, 560
photobleaching 384
photoreceptor cells
GPCR response speeds 556
rods and cones 556, 557F
switching between 708
photosynthesis
chloroplasts in 18–19, 478–488
electron-transport systems in 456F
energetics of 85–86
evolution of 489
in prokaryotes 15
photosystems (I and II) 481, 482–484,
485F, 489
phragmoplasts 638, 639F
phylogenetic trees 310, 314
PI-3-kinase–Akt signaling pathway 561,
562F
pinocytosis 523–526
PKA (protein kinase A) 550–551, 552F
PKB (protein kinase B, Akt) 561, 562F
PKC (protein kinase C) 553
plants
Arabidopsis as model 28
carnivorous plants 405
cell signaling in animals and 567
cell walls 692–695
cytokinesis 638
flowering, evolution 28
glycolysis in 449F, 450
growth and microfibril orientation
694
metaphase and anaphase
chromosomes 633F
mobile genetic elements 307
regeneration potential 268
RNAi in 291
separate evolution of multicellularity
from animals 567, 692
touch-sensitive 405, 409F
transgenic 359–361
whole-genome duplication 306
plasma membrane
cell cortex underlying 380–381
cell wall production 694
in cytokinesis 636–637
depolarization 408, 421 422F
in endocytosis 523
in exocytosis 515, 522
extracellular signal molecules
crossing 565–567
glucose transport 400–401
microscopic appearance 9–10
Na + concentration gradient 398–400
as self-sealing 366, 370
structure 365–366
as sugar-coated 382–382, 386
surface-to-volume ratios 499
see also lipid bilayers; membrane
potentials
plasmids 337–338
plasmodesmata 708, 709F
Plasmodium vivax 302
plastocyanin 484, 485F
plastoquinone 482, 483F
plectin 579
pluripotency, ES cells 283, 715
pluripotency, induced 285
pneumococcus (Streptococcus
pneumoniae) 193–194, 338
point mutations (single nucleotide)
300–302
see also SNPs
poisoning
curare and strychnine 419
cyanide 468, 475
ethylene glycol 145
malonate, on the citric acid cycle
444–445
see also toxins
polar covalent bonds 43F, 45, 47–49, 88
polar molecules
acids and bases from 49–50
among amino acids 76F, 120F, 121
water 68F