Essential Cell Biology 5th edition

I:16 Index
nerve cells (neurons) (continued)
structure and function 410–411
as terminally differentiated 286
use of ion channels 409, 410–422
use of scaffold proteins 157
nerve signaling 411–416
nerve terminals 410, 416–417, 419T,
420, 535, 536T, 555, 604
neural circuits 411, 421
neural tube 705, 706F
neuraminidase 133
neurodegenerative disorders
intermediate filaments in 578–579
protein misfolding 129
neurofilaments 577–578
neuromuscular junctions 418
neuronal signaling 535–536
neurons see nerve cells
neurotransmitters
dopamine 707–708
drug action on receptors 419–420
as excitatory or inhibitory 418–419
as extracellular signal molecules
535, 536T
function 416–417
glutamate as 418
see also acetylcholine; transmittergated
ion channels
neutral mutations 302, 309–320, 326
neutrons 40
neutrophils 386, 596
next-generation sequencing 347,
350–351
NGF (nerve growth factor) 118F, 536T,
559
nicks, sealing in DNA 210, 212, 213T,
218, 337, 338F
nicotinamide see NADH; NADPH
Nirenberg, Marshall 246–247
nitric oxide (NO) 536T, 554–555
nitrogen fixation 15, 490
NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance)
spectroscopy 160T, 161, 168F
Nobel Prize 31, 61, 102–103, 324, 413,
444–445, 477, 520
nomenclature
nucleotides and bases 79F
sugars 52–53
noncoding RNAs 232, 235T, 288–289,
291F, 325, 352, 675F
noncovalent bonds/interactions
electrostatic attraction 48, 62, 71F
equilibrium constant and 96–97
hydrophobic interactions 62,
70F–71F
in intermediate filaments 576
in macromolecules 62–63
membrane proteins 376
in protein conformations 121
and substrate binding 100, 137
transcription regulators 272
van der Waals attraction 70F
see also hydrogen-bonding; substrate
binding
nondisjunction 662–663
nonhistone chromosomal proteins 184,
187, 189–190
nonhomologous end joining 220
Notch receptor 565F
nuclear envelope
continuous with ER 497
electron micrograph 16F
in eukaryotic cells 17
inner and outer nuclear membranes
503
intermediate filaments and 578–579
interphase chromosomes and 183
mRNA transport through 237
possible origins 499
prometaphase disassembly 630–631
protein transport through 501,
503–504
telophase reassembly 635
nuclear export receptors 504
nuclear import receptors 504, 505F
nuclear lamina
chromosome attachment 183
cytoskeleton attachment 503, 575,
578
mitosis and 630, 635
nuclear lamins 577–579, 635
nuclear localization signals 504
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
spectroscopy 160T, 161, 168F
nuclear pore complexes 242, 497, 501,
503F
nuclear receptors 566–567
nuclear transplantation 268–269
nucleases
Dicer 290–291
in DNA repair 210, 217, 218T, 220F,
221
recombination-specific 221
restriction nucleases 335–339, 349,
358–359
ribonucleases 243, 246, 340
use in nucleosome investigations
185
nucleic acids
3′ and 5′ ends 58F
hydrogen-bonding in 58, 70F,
175–176, 177F
nucleotide subunits 56–58
phosphodiester bonding in 58, 79F,
176, 205, 218F
synthesis 111
see also DNA; RNA
nucleolus 9, 25F, 157, 158F, 183, 184F,
237F, 242
nucleosides 57
nucleoside triphosphates see ATP; GTP
nucleosome core particles 184–187,
189F
nucleosomes
chromosome structure and 184–186
DNA repositioning 188–189
eukaryotic transcription and 235,
276–277
histones in 184–186
nucleotides
chain-terminating ddNTPs 346, 347
CTP (cytidine triphosphate) 151F, 231
functions and nomenclature
78F–79F, 176
repetitive sequences 348, 349F
ribonucleotides and
deoxyribonucleotides 57
as subunits 51, 56–58
see also ATP; GTP
nucleotide sequences/sequencing
Alu sequence 310, 311F, 317, 322F
conservation of 312–313, 350
encoding hereditary information 177
falling costs 321
in human genome 179, 231,
310–312, 321–323
restriction enzyme targeting 335
signaling introns 240
techniques for DNA sequencing
346–350
see also conserved DNA; exons;
genome sequences; human
genome; introns; mobile genetic
elements; regulatory DNA
nucleus (atomic) 40
nucleus (cell)
as defining eukaryotes 11
division in meiosis 655
location of eukaryotic transcription
238–239
membranes 497
Notch receptor access 565
structure and function 16–17
transplantation experiments 268–269
Nurse, Paul 30–31, 616
O
obesity 682–685, 721
occludins 704
Okazaki fragments 207, 210, 211F, 212,
213T, 218
“oligo-” prefix 53
oligosaccharides 53, 73F
in glycoproteins 382
in glycosylation 516, 517F
oncogenes 560, 723–725, 728–729
proto-oncogenes 724–725, 727, 728T
oocytes 157F, 513F, 615–616, 659, 663
operons 254F, 273, 279
Lac operon 275, 279
tryptophan operon 273–274, 278
optic cup/eye cup 705, 706F, 717–718
optical isomers 53, 56, 76F
optical microscopes see light
microscopes
optogenetics 421, 422F
ORC (origin recognition complex) 623
ORFs (open reading frames) 324–325
organ size and apoptosis 639–642
organelles
in cell division 500, 638–639
electron microscopy 10, 16F, 496F
eukaryotic cells 16–21
evolutionary origins 457–458
internal membranes 366
location and transport 585, 587, 590
main functions 497T
membrane-enclosed 496–500
motor proteins and 586
protein sorting and import 500–511
volumes and numbers 498T
see also chloroplasts; mitochondria
organic chemistry
chemical groups 51
defined 39
organoids 33, 717–718
origins of life 309–315
role of RNA 259–262
origins of replication see replication
origins
osmosis 394–395, 693
see also chemiosmotic coupling
osteoblasts 697, 712
osteoclasts 712, 715F
ouabain 397, 398F, 399
oviduct 590, 663
oxalic acid poisoning 145