Essential Cell Biology 5th edition

Index
I:15
mitochondrial DNA 17, 245, 458–459
mitochondrial matrix and glycolysis
430, 432, 438
mitochondrial membranes
electrochemical H + gradient 466–467
pyruvate transporter 395
mitochondrial replacement therapy 459
mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase
module 560, 568F
mitogens
cell division and 643, 644
cyclins and 620–621
mitosis
chromosome behavior 181–182
five stages of 627–635
meiosis contrasted with 655,
656–657F
mitotic spindle
and cytoplasmic cleavage 636–637
formation and chromosome
attachment 182, 183F
microtubules and 23F, 580
spindle poles 627F, 629F, 631, 633,
635F
staining 12F
mitotic spindle assembly/attachment
630–632
mobile genetic elements
also called transposons 315–317,
322F
Alu and L1 as 310, 311F, 316–317,
322F
DNA-only transposons 315, 316F
genetic change through 298, 299F,
307, 310–311
in human genome 316–317
and viruses 315–320
model organisms 27–36, 674
embryonic development 710
genome sizes 35
mole (unit) and molar solutions 41
molecular chaperones 123, 124F, 258,
505, 506F, 517–518
molecular machines see motor proteins;
protein machines; ribosomes
molecular models
backbone, ribbon, and wire models
of proteins 124, 126F
ball-and-stick models 44F, 52F
space-filling 52F, 124, 125–126F
molecular switches
cell-cycle control system 613
control by phosphorylation 542
GTP-binding proteins as 154
intracellular signaling proteins as
541–542
in muscle contraction 604–605
Ras as 559
molecular weights 41
molecules
defined 39–40
electron microscopy of 11
monoclonal antibodies 141F
monogenic diseases 681–683
monomeric GTPases 504, 505F, 514,
542, 559, 598
monomers see subunits
monosaccharides
aldoses and ketoses 72F, 436F
structures 52–53, 72F–73F
mosaicism 191F, 202
motor proteins
and actin filaments 595
ATP hydrolysis and 154–155
in the cytosol 23
intracellular transport 586
kinesins and dyneins as 118F, 586
myosins as 118F
mouse–human hybrid cells 381
mouse (Mus musculus)
conditional knockout mice 357
embryonic development 640F
embryonic stem cells 356
experiments on genetic material
193–194
genome, compared with human 35T,
310–311
“knock-in” mice 355F
“knockout” mice 356–357, 731
as model organism 32
muscle overdevelopment 646F
optogenetics 421, 422F
transgenic 356–357F, 359, 577
MPF (maturation promoting factor)
615–616
mRNAs (messenger RNAs)
eukaryotic 232, 237–238, 244F
exported from the nucleus 242,
243F
pre-mRNAs 239–242, 244F
prokaryotic 244F, 254
revealing gene expression 270, 351
translation 288
mucus 53, 522, 590, 703, 713F
multicellular organisms
dependence on endosymbionts 459
as eukaryotes 16
of plants and animals 567, 692
sexual reproduction among 299–300,
652
multicellular structures, prokaryotes 14,
15F
multigenic diseases 682–683
multiple polypeptide chains 132, 134F
muscle cells
differentiation 283, 286
use of myosin-II 599–600
see also heart muscle; skeletal
muscle; smooth muscle
muscle contraction 600–606
isolated muscle 102–103
speed of 603, 605
muscular dystrophy 579
mutagens
cancer and 720
random mutagenesis 354, 674
various effects of 674F
mutations
cancer-critical mutations 720–721,
723–726, 728T, 730–731
complementation tests 675F, 678
as disease models 359
disease predisposition and 333, 347
driver and passenger mutations in
cancer 720
elimination of deleterious mutations
654
favorable 309, 680
frequency in E. coli and humans
301–203
gain- and loss-of-function 672–673,
682, 685
gene inactivation by 354
germ-line and somatic 222–223
investigating lethal mutations
676–678
and need for DNA repair 199, 215,
219, 222
neutral 302, 309–320, 326
from nucleotide modification 217
Ras protein, in cancers 560, 564
recent, in human genome 327, 686
as replication failures 5
screening for mutants 564
temperature-sensitive yeasts 520,
521F
types of genetic change 298–299
see also SNPs
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 524
myofibrils 460F, 601, 602F, 604–605
myoglobin 24T, 125F, 130, 160T
myosin-I 599, 600–601F
myosin-II 599–602, 603F, 605
myosins
animal cell cortex 381
contractile structures with actin 597,
599–605
filaments 602–603
as motor proteins 128, 155
myostatin 645
N
N-linked oligosaccharides 516
N-termini, polypeptides 56, 120
Na + –H + exchanger 401, 403T
Na + -K + ATPase 397, 403T
Na + pump
energetics 397–398
restoring ion gradients 398–399
NADH/NAD + system
citric acid cycle and 429F, 432–433,
438–441
fermentation 433–435
spectrophotometry 144
NADH dehydrogenase (complex) 464,
469–470, 473–474, 475F
NADH (nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide)
as an activated carrier 106–108
in catabolism 429F
resulting from glycolysis 431–433, 435F
role 106–108
NADPH (nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate)
as an activated carrier 106–108
in photosynthesis 479–480, 482, 483F
role 106–108
Nanog sequence 273F
natural selection
cancer cells 721, 722F
and evolution 5, 8
mutant hemoglobin 683
operating on germ-line mutations
223, 309, 673
protein sequences 131
Neanderthal genome 326, 327F
necrosis 640–641
negative regulation 151
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 308
nematodes see Caenorhabditis elegans
Nernst equation 406, 413, 465F
nerve cells (neurons)
depolarization 411, 414–415, 418
extent of apoptosis 643, 644F
Notch receptor role 565
polarization 585
shape 2, 3F