Essential Cell Biology 5th edition

I:14 Index
lysosomes
digestion in 527
endocytosis and 511, 524
endosomes maturing into 527
H + transporter 395, 402
as intracellular compartments 21,
498
lysozyme 122F, 125F, 136, 142T, 143,
146–147, 160T
M
M-Cdks 614, 616, 617T, 618–620,
623–625, 630
M cyclin 614–616, 617F, 618–619, 625,
633
M phase, cell cycle
animal cell shapes 638F
five stages of 627, 628F–629F
mitosis and cytokinesis as 611
MacLeod, Colin 194–195
macromolecules 58–63
biosynthesis 110–111
evidence for 60–61
nuclear pore complex and 503–504
proportion of a cell’s weight 52T, 58
sequence and conformation 59, 62
see also polymers
macrophages 2, 3F, 523–524, 697,
710–712, 715F
apoptosis and 641
magnesium, in porphyrin 481F
maintenance methyltransferases 287F
major groove, DNA 177F, 272
malaria 34F, 222, 302, 680
malate 442F–444
malonate 444–445
manganese 483
mannose 6-phosphate (receptor) 527
MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase
module 560, 568F
margarine 372
marriages, consanguineous 668, 681
marriages, first-cousin 654, 669
mass spectrometry 159–161, 270, 361F
master transcription regulators 284,
286
matrix (of mitochondrion) 430, 432
Matsui, Kazuo 615
Matthaei, Heinrich 246
McCarty, Maclyn 194–195
mechanical stresses 577
mechanically-gated ion channels 408,
409F, 419T
Mediator complex 276, 277F, 279
meiosis 654–663
contrasted with mitosis 655,
656–657F
errors 662–663
homologous recombination role 222
as reductive division 652
meiosis I 655, 656F, 657–658, 660–662,
672F
meiosis II 655, 656F, 657, 660, 661F
meiotic cell cycle, Xenopus 615
meiotic spindle 657F, 660, 670–671
melanin 667–668
melanomas 728, 729F, 731
membranes
electron microscopy 10
endomembrane system 499, 500F,
501, 507, 511, 512F, 519, 522
mitochondrial 18F, 395, 428, 429F,
432
surrounding organelles 495
see also nuclear envelope; plasma
membrane; transmembrane
proteins
membrane domains 381–383, 383F,
385F
see also action potentials
membrane-enclosed organelles see
organelles
membrane fusion 372–373, 515
membrane potentials
concentration gradients and 393–394
contributing to electrochemical
gradient 393–394
and ion channels 403–410
and ion permeability 391–392,
405–406
resting membrane potentials 392,
394, 406, 412, 414F, 419T
voltage-gated ion channels 409–410
see also electrochemical H + gradients
membrane proteins
ATP synthase as 456
bilayer association 366, 376
cell-free studies 378, 379F
integral and peripheral 376
main types 375T
movement of 371, 381–382
structure and function 375–376,
379–380
transporters and channels 389, 392
see also channels; ion channels;
transmembrane proteins;
transporters
membrane retrieval, Golgi apparatus
523
membrane transport
active and passive 392–393
diffusion and facilitated transport
390
principles 390–395
see also electron-transport systems
memory 158, 552, 554
Mendel, Gregor 354, 664–674
Mendelian diseases/monogenic
diseases 681–683
Mendel’s first law (of segregation)
666–668
Mendel’s second law (of independent
assortment) 669–671
mental illness 420
MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy and ragged
red fiber disease) 459
Meselson, Matt 202–204
messenger RNAs see mRNAs
metabolic pathways
anabolic and catabolic 82
enzyme sequences 142
regulation 447–451
metabolic wheel 103F
metabolism
aerobic 438, 476, 478, 489
anaerobic 476, 488
defined 82
metals, protein-bound
associated with active sites 149, 464
as electron carriers 471–473
metamorphosis 640
metaphase, meiosis 661
metaphase, mitosis 352F, 627, 629F,
632–633, 634F
metaphase plate
in meiosis 657, 660, 677F
in mitosis 632–633
metastases 719, 722, 725, 727–728,
729F
Methanococcus jannaschii 314F, 490–491
methionine role in translation 253
methotrexate 147–148
methylation
adenine in bacteria 218
DNA 287
lysine residues 189F, 190–191
Meyerhof, Otto 102
Mg 2+ ions 391T
micelles 75F, 378–379, 385F
Michaelis constant (K M
) 143, 144
Michaelis–Menten equation 144F
microRNAs (miRNAs) 232, 289, 290F
microcephaly 718
microfilaments see actin filaments
micrometer scale 2, 14, 134F
microscopy
interference-contrast microscopy 9F
and knowledge of cells 6–11
light and electron microscopes 6,
8–11
light microscopes 6–9, 12F–13F
SPT (single-particle tracking)
microscopy 385
video-enhanced microscopy 585F,
588
see also electron microscopy;
fluorescence microscopy
microtubule-associated proteins 585,
626–627, 630, 631F
microtubules 574, 580–592
appearance 12F–13F, 22, 23F
in cilia and flagella 590–592
drug effects on dynamics 584
dynamic instability 582–586, 627
formation of cilia and flagella 480
meiotic spindle 657F, 660, 670–671
organization of differentiated cells
584–586
orientation of cellulose deposition
and 695
as protein assemblies 134, 574
structural polarity 581, 586
see also mitotic spindle
microvilli 592, 593F, 595, 663F, 703F
milk, ability to digest 202F, 302, 328
Mimosa pudica 409
minor groove, DNA 177F, 272
miRNAs (microRNAs) 232, 289, 290F
miscarriages 663
mismatch repair system 218–219
Mitchell, Peter 476–477
mitochondria
chloroplast collaboration with 487F
effects of dysfunction 459
genetic code variants 245
maternal inheritance 459
origins 14, 17–18, 457, 490, 499,
500F
oxidative phosphorylation in 428,
432, 459–469
protein and lipid imports into
505–506
reproduction 458F, 480F
shape, location, and number
459–460
structure and function 17–18,
460–461