Essential Cell Biology 5th edition

I:12 Index
heart muscle
acetylcholine effects 543
contraction 605, 707
heart attacks 55, 526, 716
mitochondria in 459–460
heart pacemaker cells 537, 538F, 548,
556
heat loss 84
helices
actin double helix 134, 593F
collagen triple helix 135, 136F, 696
in common folding patterns
127–128
DNA/RNA hybrid 231, 319
DNA double-helix formation 58,
175–176
superhelices 696
see also a helices (at “alpha”)
heme group 133F, 148F, 149, 305F, 474,
475F
hemidesmosomes 578F, 704, 707, 708F
hemoglobin
early investigation of
macromolecules 60–61
fetal and adult 305
nonprotein constituent 149
sickle-cell anemia 222, 680
subunits 133, 304–305
see also globins
hemophilia 239F, 307, 317, 334, 672,
680
hemopoietic stem cells 714–715
hepatocyte growth factor 644
hereditary diseases see genetic
disorders
“hereditary factors” 666
heredity and DNA structure 176–178,
327–328
see also inheritance
heroin 544
Hershey, Alfred 195
heterochromatin 184F, 189–191, 277,
291, 321–322F
heterozygous individuals 666–670,
672–673, 675F, 677, 680–682, 684F
hexokinase 137, 142, 436F
hexosaminidase 682
hibernation 465, 477
“high-energy” bonds and their
hydrolysis 67F, 95F, 102–103, 109F,
111, 112F
see also ATP; GTP
“high-energy” electrons
ATP production from 461–463
from chlorophyll 463, 479, 482
in NADH 107
“high-energy” intermediate 476–477
Hill, Archibald (A. V.) 102
HindIII enzyme 335–336F
histones 184–191
histone H1 187
histone H3 185–186, 189F, 190–191
histone H4 185–186, 189F
histone H2A 185, 186F, 189F
histone H2B 185, 186F, 189F
and the nucleosome 184–186
histone acetyltransferases/deacetylases
277
histone-modifying enzymes 188–190,
277F
histone octamers 185–186, 188
histone tails, modification 186, 189–191,
277, 287
historical landmarks
cell structure determination 24T
understanding of proteins 160T
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
318T, 319F, 320, 344F, 526, 680,
682
HMG-CoA reductase 147
Hodgkin, Alan 413
homeodomains 272–273F
homologous chromosomes 179, 184F,
304F, 345F
maternal and paternal 179, 652
in meiosis 652, 655–659, 661F, 671F,
679
homologous genes
in comparative genomics 309
and proteins 35
homologous recombination
in DNA repair 220–222
gene duplication and rearrangement
303, 308
in meiosis 653, 658
production of transgenic mice 356F
homophilic binding 705, 711
Hooke, Robert 7, 24T, 693
horizontal gene transfer
antibiotic resistance through 308,
338
genetic change through 298, 299F,
308
hormones, in extracellular signaling
534, 535F, 536T
see also epinephrine; insulin; steroids
housekeeping proteins 270
HPr bacterial protein 124, 125–126F, 129
human genetics 678–687
human genome
African origins and 320F, 326–327F,
679–680
animal counterparts 33
compared with other species 309,
310–311
conserved proportion 323
disease predisposition 679
exon shuffling contribution 307
and human individuality 327–328
mobile genetic elements in 316–317
Neanderthals and 326, 327F
noncoding RNAs 289, 291
size and number of genes 179, 320F,
322T, 324–325
tRNA genes 248
see also genome sequences
human genome sequencing project 346,
348–349
human papillomavirus 720
human studies 32–34
Hunchback gene 281F
Hunt, Tim 31, 616
Huxley, Andrew 413
hyaluronan 700, 701F
hybrid cells, mouse–human 381
hydra 652
hydride ions 107–108, 431T, 432
hydrocarbon tails, lipids 367, 371–372,
377F
hydrocarbons, saturated and
unsaturated 66F
hydrogels 158
hydrogen-bonding
in a helices and b sheets 128–129,
377–378
as noncovalent 47
in nucleic acids 58, 70F, 175–176,
177F
in proteins 70F, 121, 122F, 126, 127F
at replication origins 201
in RNA structures 230F, 248, 260
strengths of A-T and C-G 177F, 201
in water 47, 68F, 70F
hydrogen gas as a nutrient 491
hydrogen molecules 44F
hydrogen peroxide see peroxisomes
hydrogen sulfide (H 2
S) 489
hydrogenations as reductions 88
hydrolysis 53
“high-energy” bonds 95F
proteolysis as 256
hydronium ions 49, 69
hydrophilicity 47, 68F, 369, 701
hydrophobic interactions
as noncovalent 48, 62, 71F
in protein conformations 121, 122F
see also amphipathic molecules
hydrophobicity 47–48, 68F, 369
signal sequences 503
hydrothermal vents 488, 490
hydroxyl ions 49F, 50–51, 69F
hypervariable loops 139
hypothalamus 421, 422F
I
Illumina sequencing 347, 351F
imatinib 148, 729
immune system
complement system 685
and stem cell potential 716
use against cancers 728
immunoaffinity chromatography 141F
Immunofluorescence microscopy 575F
immunoprecipitation 141F
co-immunoprecipitation 563, 730
import signals see signal sequences
in situ hybridization 352
in vitro fertilization 161
in vivo and in vitro studies 32
inactivation, voltage-gated ion channels
414
indels 679
independent assortment, law of
669–671
indigo 145
induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS
cells) 285–286, 716–718
infection diagnosis and PCR 343
influenza virus 318T, 319F, 526
inheritance
laws of 664–674
uniparental 664F, 665
see also genetics
inherited diseases see genetic disorders
initiator tRNA 253
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP 3
) 549,
551–552, 553F
inositol phospholipid pathway 552–553
inositol phospholipids 374, 552, 553F,
559, 561
Inoué, Shinya 588
insertion mutations 307
insulin
isolation 563
secretion stimulated by glucose 522
insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family
560–561