Essential Cell Biology 5th edition

I:10 Index
fetal hemoglobin 305
fibroblasts
actin in 597F
in connective tissues 696F, 697–698,
699F
micrographs of 12F, 33F, 638F
fibroin 126
fibronectin 698, 699–700F, 702
fibrous proteins 134–135, 136F, 574,
596, 631, 696
see also protein filaments
filopodia 593F, 596–599
filtration 60–61
first-cousin marriages 654, 669
first law of thermodynamics 84
Fischer, Emil 60
FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization)
352F
fission yeasts 2, 3F, 616
see also Schizosaccharomyces pombe
fixing specimens 9, 12F
flagella
bacterial 467
microtubules in 580–583, 590–591
sperm 590–592
flies see Drosophila
“flip-flop” operation 371, 372F, 373
flippases 373–374
fluidity of lipid bilayers 370–373,
384–385
fluorescein 382F
fluorescence dyes
visualizing DNA in cells 174F
visualizing DNA in electrophoresis
336–337
visualizing kinesin motion 589F
fluorescence microscopy 9, 12F
confocal fluorescence microscopy
9F, 12F
endoplasmic reticulum 507F
immunofluorescence microscopy
575F
microtubules 580F, 632F
mitotic spindle 632–633F
stained DNA 174F, 184F
use of GFP 353–354, 384
fluorescent antibodies 141F
fluorescent proteins 118F, 382F, 384,
507F, 520, 550F
see also GFP
FMR1 (fragile X mental retardation
gene) 359
folding see b sheets (at beta);
conformations; helices
food breakdown see catabolic
pathways; fats; glucose
food storage 449–451
food testing 343
forensic science
DNA fingerprinting 343–344, 345F
PCR use 343–344, 345F
formins 595, 598–599
founder effects 682
fragile X syndrome 359
Franklin, Rosalind 175
FRAP (fluorescence recovery after
photobleaching) technique 384
free energy, G
in biological reactions 91, 94F–95F
in catalysis 88–100
from phosphoanhydride hydrolysis
57
and protein conformations 122
free-energy change, G
equilibrium reactions 92, 94F
favorable and unfavorable reactions
89–92
redox reactions 470–471
sequential reactions 98–99
see also standard free-energy change
free ribosomes 508
frogs
egg cell 2, 636F
embryo 610, 611–612, 710
pigment cells 9F
Xenopus 157F, 306, 615, 616F
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate(ase) 436F,
448
fructose 6-phosphate 436F, 448
fruit fly see Drosophila
Fugu rubripes 313
fumarate 442F–444, 488
fungi and antibiotics 256
see also yeasts
fusion proteins 353, 521, 724F
G
G proteins
effects mediated by phospholipase C
549, 551–553, 562F
subunits activated by GPCRs 545–546
as trimeric GTP-binding proteins
542
G 0
phase, cell cycle 612, 620, 622
G 1
-Cdks 617, 621
G 1
cyclins 617, 620
G 1
phase, cell cycle 611, 614, 618,
620–623, 644
G 1
/S-Cdks 614, 617, 620–621, 630
G 1
/S cyclin 614, 617, 620–621, 622F,
630
G 1
to S transitions 612–614, 617–621,
623, 644
G 2
phase, cell cycle 611–612, 615
G 2
to M transitions 612, 614, 619, 623
GABA (g-aminobutyric acid) 418, 420
GABA-gated Cl– channels 419
GAGs (glycosaminoglycans) 700–701
gain-of-function mutations 672F, 673,
723–725
galactocerebroside 368F
b-galactosidase 281F, 353F
gametes
distinction from somatic cells
299–300
as haploid 652
gap-junction proteins 674
gap junctions 403, 707–709
GAPs (GTPase-activating proteins)
505F, 542, 559
gating
ion channels 408–409
ligand-gated ion channels 408,
417–418
light-gated ion channels 408,
417–418, 421, 422F
mechanically-gated ion channels
408, 409F, 419T
transmitter-gated ion channels
417–419, 543F, 544
voltage-gated ion channels 408–411,
414–415, 416, 417F, 419T, 604F
GEFs (guanine nucleotide exchange
factors) 154F, 542
Ras-GEF 505F, 559
gel electrophoresis
agarose gel 336
antigen separation 141F
DNA fragments 335–336
isoelectric focusing and PAGE 167F
polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis
(PAGE) 161F, 167F, 336
protein purification 141F, 159, 160T,
161F, 166F–167F
two-dimensional 161, 167F, 270
gel-filtration chromatography 166F
gels, extracellular matrix 577, 595
genes
carried in DNA 3, 193–195
defined 180
duplication and divergence 298,
299F
encoding functional RNA 322F, 323
evidence for chemical nature
173–175
gene function studies and
applications 350–361
mutation driving evolution 5
number in human genome 284
numbers in model organisms 678
numbers in vertebrates 313
oncogenes and tumor suppressor
genes 560, 723–725, 726–730
see also protein-coding genes
gene cloning see DNA cloning
gene duplication
and divergence 302–304
and gene families 302–305
whole-genome duplication 298, 306
gene editing 358–359
gene expression
and cell differentiation 6, 267–268
control during transcription 270–278
effects of antibiotics 256
enzyme-coupled receptors and 557,
560
extracellular signals and 270
localization of 340
mRNA analysis and 270, 351–352
overview 268–271
post-transcriptional controls 288
proportion of protein-coding genes
expressed 189, 270
rates 228
regulation of 270–271, 279, 282, 302
regulation of protein activity via 149
as transcription and translation 178,
228, 232
gene families 302–305, 313
gene inactivation/silencing
interphase X chromosomes 191,
192F, 277, 291
using RNAi 354–355
“gene knockdown” 355
“gene knockout” 356–357, 731
general transcription factors 235–237,
271, 276–277, 279F
genetic change
instability and cancer 721, 722F, 728
origins of variation 298–308
sexual reproduction and 660–662
genetic code 178, 244–248, 249F
genetic disorders 33, 215, 517, 672, 717
cancer as 334, 720
chromosomal loops and 278
detecting responsible mutations 333
epidermolysis bullosa simplex 577,
579