Essential Cell Biology 5th edition

I:8 Index
DNA methylation 287
DNA-only transposons 315, 316F
DNA polymerases
and cDNA libraries 339, 340F
compared to RNA polymerases 232
DNA polymerases I and III 210
PCR use 342
proofreading by 207–208, 209F
repair polymerases 210F, 215,
217–218, 221
reverse transcriptase as 316
template-based synthesis by 205–207
DNA probes 184, 341, 352F
DNA repair 215–223
mismatch repair system 218–219
DNA replication 200–215
avoiding re-replication 623
as bidirectional 205
cell cycle phases 623
conservative, semiconservative, and
dispersive models 201, 202–204
elucidation 202–204
“end replication problem” 213
error rates 218, 720
leading and lagging strands
distinguished 207
in meiosis 655–656
preservation of genome sequences
223
rates in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
200
replication machine 200–201, 205,
210–211, 218
S-Cdks and 623
temperature-sensitive mutants 677
transcription distinguished from
230–231
see also replication forks; replication
origins
DNA sequencing see genome;
nucleotide sequences
DNA structure elucidation 174–178
DNA topoisomerases 212
DNA viruses 319
DNP (2,4-dinitrophenol) 476–477
docking sites
histone 189
phosphorylated tyrosines 558,
560–561, 563
protein 153
dogs, genetic traits 667F
dolichol 75F, 516, 517F
domains
defined 130
and exon shuffling 306–307
illustrated 131F
interaction domains 558–559
prokaryotic 15–16
and protein families 162
dominant alleles 665–666
dopamine 707–708
double bonds 45
in phospholipids 371
resonance 66F
double helix, in tRNAs 245
double-strand breaks 214, 219–222,
358, 458F, 658F, 728
double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) 318
Down syndrome 662
driver mutations in cancer see
cancer-critical
Drosophila melanogaster
Armadillo protein 730
effects of mobile genetic elements
307F
embryonic development 12F, 710
Eve gene 280–281
Ey gene/transcription regulator
284–286
genome size 35, 309, 323
mitotic spindles 633F
as model organism 29
Notch receptor 565
drugs
anticancer drugs 148, 562, 584
development using human stem
cells 717
effects on microtubule dynamics 584
pharmaceutical proteins 334
see also antibiotic resistance; toxins
dsRNA (double-stranded RNA) 290, 354
dynamin 512, 514F
dyneins 118F, 586–587, 590–592, 634
ciliary dyneins 586, 591–592
cytoplasmic dyneins 586–587
E
E. coli
chemical complexity 51
cytosol 22F
evolutionary ancestors 490
gene regulation experiments
280–281
genome 34–35
Lac operon 275–276, 279
as model organism 14F, 27–28
E site, ribosomes 251, 252F, 253
EcoRI enzyme 335–337F
effector proteins 537, 540, 552, 560
eggs
enucleated 269F
experiments on enucleated eggs
268–269
as gametes 652
multicellular organisms from
709–710
oocytes 615, 616F
size difference from sperm 653F
zygotes as fertilized eggs 652, 663
elastase 132
elastin 135, 136F, 696
electrical signal interconversion with
chemical 416–417
electrochemical gradients
active transport 396–397
component forces 393–394
Na + and K + gradients 394
Na + pump and 399
oxidative phosphorylation and 456
passive transport 396
electrochemical H + gradients 402,
464–465, 466–467, 482, 491
electrochemical Na + gradients 399–400,
401F, 402, 403F
electrons
activated carriers of 106–107
and chemistry 40–47
in oxidation and reduction 87–88
see also “high-energy”
electron affinities 470–471
electron carriers 464, 470–474
chlorophyll special pairs and 481
cytochrome c oxidase complex
474–475
in the electron-transport chain 446,
456, 471–473
FADH 2
as 438
mobile electron carriers 464,
482–484
NADH and NADPH as 107
plastocyanin as 484
plastoquinone and ferredoxin as
482
electron microscopy
and cell structure 9–11
light microscopes and 6
transmission and scanning electron
microscopes 10–11
electron shells 41–44, 46
electron-transport systems
anaerobic respiration 434
in chloroplasts/photosynthesis 456F
energetics 471
first appearance 455
in mitochondria 430, 432, 439
molecular mechanisms 469–475
in oxidative phosphorylation 445, 456
in photosynthesis 456F, 479, 481
respiratory enzyme complexes
464–465
electronegativity 45–46, 88F
electrophoresis see gel electrophoresis
electrostatic attraction 48, 62, 71F
histones and DNA 186
and protein conformation 121
elements (chemical)
defined 40
in living organisms 41–42
periodic table 43
reactivity 15, 42, 46, 54
Embden–Meyerhof pathway 432F
embryonic development
apoptosis in 640
asymmetric cell division 637
differentiated cell types in 6
differentiation in 6, 282–284
epithelial sheets in 705, 706F
model organisms 32, 710
transcription regulators in 280–281
zebrafish 32, 710
embryonic stem cells (ES cells) 283,
285–286, 355–356, 715–718
“end replication problem” 213
endocrine cells/signaling 534
endocytosis
balanced by exocytosis 21
endocytic pathways 523–528
and lysosomes 511
phagocytosis and pinocytosis
523–526, 528F, 592
receptor-mediated 525–526
endomembrane system 499, 500F, 501,
507, 511, 512F, 519, 522
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
cell division and 639
ER retention signals 517, 519
extent 498, 507F
internal ER signal sequences 510,
511F
phospholipid synthesis at 373
positioning 587
possible origins 499
ribosome attachment 507
rough and smooth 20F, 497, 507
sarcoplasmic reticulum 400F, 403T,
604–605
as source of proteins and lipids 506