Essential Cell Biology 5th edition

I:6 Index
chromosomes (continued)
mitotic chromosomes 182, 183F, 184,
185F, 187–188, 625, 626F, 631F,
632–634, 635F
segregation errors 662–663
chromosome condensation 183-184, 625
chromosome painting 179, 180F, 184F,
722F
chromosome pairing in meiosis 655,
657, 659
chromosome segregation 181, 610, 615,
619, 629F, 655, 662F, 722F
chromosome structure
compressed state of DNA 183–184
in eukaryotes 178–187
gene expression and 278
nucleosomes in 184–186
regulation of 188–192
chymotrypsin 125F, 132, 307F
cilia 26–27, 118F, 580, 582, 590–592
primary cilia 592
stereocilia 13F, 409
ciliary dynein 586, 591–592
circular DNA 34, 179, 201, 211F, 213,
273, 337
cisternae (Golgi apparatus) 512F, 513T,
518–519
citrate synthase 142T, 442F
citric acid cycle
acetyl group oxidation in 438
biosynthetic pathways beginning
with 441, 461
diagrams 429F, 442F–443F
elucidation of 444–445
mitochondrial matrix 438
oxaloacetate in 110F, 438
sequential pathways 444
as third stage of catabolism 430
Cl – concentrations inside and outside
cells 391T
clam eggs 616
clamp loaders 211–212, 213T
classical genetics approaches 29, 354,
564, 674–676
clathrin-coated pits/vesicles 512–513,
514F, 524–525, 526F
claudins 704
cleavage divisions 611, 615
cleavage furrows 636, 637F
clone-by-clone sequencing 348–349
cloning
cancers as clones 718–719, 722F
multicellular organisms as clones
709
see also DNA cloning
CML (chronic myeloid leukemia) 148,
729
CNVs (copy number variations) 679
co-immunoprecipitation 563, 730
coated vesicles 512–513, 514F, 524–525,
526F
codes and abbreviations
for amino acids 120F, 245F
for bases and nucleotides 79F,
176
genetic code 178, 244–248, 249F
“coding problem” 243
codons
defined 244
neutral mutations 302
start codons 254, 255F
stop codons 245F, 251, 254, 255F,
324
coenzymes 79F, 148–149
coenzyme A see acetyl CoA
cohesins 625, 626F, 627, 633, 634F,
658F, 660, 661F
coiled coils 128, 576, 600
colchicine 584, 590, 633, 637
collagen 48, 135, 136F, 696–698, 699F,
700–702, 703F
color-blindness 672
colorectal cancer 218, 223F, 715, 719F,
721F, 726–727, 730–731
combinatorial transcription control 279,
282–285
common ancestors 15, 34–35, 313
see also ancestral cell
comparative genomics 312, 349
compartments, eukaryotic cells see
organelles
competitive inhibition 145, 444–445
complement system 685
complementary base-pairing
codon–anticodon recognition 248F,
249
defined 176, 177F
DNA probes and cloning 184, 335F,
340–341, 341, 352F
replication fidelity and 202, 207, 209,
244
RNA 240, 241F, 260, 291
in transcription 229–231, 233
see also DNA hybridization
complementary DNA (cDNA)
cDNA libraries 339, 340F
mRNA analysis 351
complementation tests 675F, 678
concentration gradients
contributing to electrochemical
gradient 393–394
inorganic ions 391
Na + pump 398–399
osmosis 394–395
passive transport and 393
in velocity sedimentation 165F
condensation reactions
biopolymers generally 59
disaccharide formation 53
driven by ATP hydrolysis 106, 110
peptide bond formation as 119F
phosphorylation as 105
condensins 187F, 625, 626F, 628F
conditional knockout mice 357
conditional mutants 676–678
confocal fluorescence microscopy 9F,
12F, 17F, 24T, 32F
conformations
macromolecules 62
NADH and NADPH 108
conformations, DNA
chromosome visibility and 174
space-filling model 177F
conformations, protein
changes driven by ATP hydrolysis
602, 603F
changes in ATP synthase 466
changes in gated ion channels 404,
408, 414–415F
changes in transporters and pumps
396–397, 398F, 475F
changes on binding ligands 151–152,
554F, 559, 566, 586, 698
changes on dimer cleavage 641F
changes on inhibition 151–152, 621
changes on phosphorylation 152–153
disulfide bond stabilization 136
HPr bacterial protein 124, 125–126F,
129
hydrophobicity and 121, 122F
conjugate acid–base pairs 470
conjugation, bacterial 308F
connective tissues 692F, 693, 695–698,
700, 702, 703F, 723
connexons 707
consanguineous marriages 668, 681
conservative model, DNA replication
202–203, 204F
conserved DNA/mechanisms
cell-cycle control system 30–31, 613
evolutionary relationships and
309–310, 313–315, 350
functionally important regions as
310–313, 314
in human genome 323
conserved orientation in membranes
374, 377, 510
conserved proteins 31, 131, 186
conserved synteny 311
constitutive exocytosis pathway 519,
522
contact-dependent signaling 535–536
contractile bundles 27, 592, 593F, 595,
601, 605, 705F
contractile ring 592, 598, 600, 636–638
control mechanisms 447
COP-coated vesicles 513
corn (maize) 307, 308F, 360F, 450F, 667
cortisol 270, 282, 536T, 550T, 565, 566F
coupled reactions
activated carriers and 101, 106–107
energetics of 92, 94F–95F
in glycolysis 434
“paddle-wheel” analogy 104
photosystems I and II 484
coupled transporters 467, 468F
covalent chemical bonds 43–46
disulfide bonds 77F, 136, 139F, 516
“high-energy” bonds 67, 95F, 102–103,
109F, 111, 112F
peptide bonds 60, 67F, 70F, 76F, 92,
126
polar covalent bonds 43F, 45, 47–49
single and double bonds 44–45
covalent modification
biotin and 149
DNA methylation as 287
of histone tails 188–189
of proteins 153–154, 258F, 447, 516
see also protein kinases
crawling see cell locomotion
Cre recombinase 357F
creatine phosphate 102–103
Crick, Francis 174–175, 202, 204
CRISPR gene editing 358–359, 564
cross-linking see disulfide bonds
cross-pollination 664–665
cross-talk 278, 568
crossovers (meiosis) 657–660, 661F,
662, 671–672, 675F, 679–680
gene duplication and 303–304
independent segregation and
671–672
cryoelectron microscopy 11, 160T, 161,
169F, 379, 483F, 513F
crypts, intestinal 713–714, 715F, 727F,
728T, 731
crystallization see X-ray diffraction
CTP (cytidine triphosphate) 151F, 231