Essential Cell Biology 5th edition

Index
I:5
internal membranes 19, 365–366,
496–499, 500F
preserved orientation 374, 377, 510
see also lipid bilayers; membrane
proteins; plasma membrane
cell memory 191–192, 278, 286–287, 711
cell proliferation
cancer cells 712, 718–722, 725–727,
730–731
cell-cycle control system 610–611,
621–622, 640, 644
extracellular signals and 640, 643
Ras mutations 564, 673
RTK role 559, 560
supplying differentiated cells
712–714
Wnt pathway and 714–715, 726,
730–731
cell respiration
ATP generation from 455
citric acid cycle elucidation 444–445
complementary to photosynthesis
86 –87
dependence on diffusion 390
efficiency 468–469
mitochondria in 17
role of sugars 427
cell signaling
contact-dependent signaling
535–536
general principles 534–545
in plants and animals 567
selectivity of response 537
and stability 711
types of signaling 534–536
see also extracellular signal
molecules; intracellular signaling
pathways; signal transduction
cell structure
investigations 8–11, 24T
plant, animal and bacterial 25F
cell-surface receptors see receptors
cell surfaces
carbohydrate layer 382–382, 386
patch-clamp recording 160T,
407–408, 411F
tumor-specific molecules 728
cell theory 7–8, 24T
cell type
in culture 285
and gene expression 268, 340
protein composition 269–270
selection for RNA-Seq 325
specialization 278–287
see also differentiation
cell walls
cellulose fibril orientation 695–695
discovery of cells and 7
and osmotic swelling 395, 693
plant cytokinesis 638
and plasma membranes 380
plasmodesmata 708, 709F
primary and secondary 693–694
prokaryotes 14
cellular respiration 17, 86, 87F, 427,
444–445, 463–464, 468–469
cellulase 168F
cellulose 53, 693F, 694–695
cellulose synthase 695F
central dogma 4, 228, 246
centrifugation
boundary and band sedimentation
61F
density gradient 165F, 203
fixed-angle and swinging-arm 164F
separation of organelles 164F–165F
ultracentrifuge 60–61, 164F–165F,
203–204, 252F
centrioles 25F, 582, 630F
centromeres 182, 183F, 190, 311, 626,
631
in meiosis 659F, 660, 661F
centrosome cycle 630
centrosomes
in idealized animal cell 21F, 25F
microtubule growth from 580,
581–582
in mitotic spindle assembly 580, 627,
630F
see also cytoskeleton
cesium chloride 165F, 203
Cfh gene (complement factor H) 685
Chalfie, Martin 520
channelrhodopsin 421, 422F
channels
distinguished from transporters 389,
404
K + leak channels 375T, 405, 406F,
413, 415, 419T
nuclear pores as 497, 501, 503F
translocator 509
see also ion channels
chaperone proteins (molecular
chaperones) 123, 124F, 258, 505, 506F,
517–518
charge separation 481, 485F, 489F
Chase, Martha 195
checkpoint inhibitors 728
checkpoints, cell-cycle 611, 635, 663
chemical bonds 40–50, 66F
bond lengths 44, 48T, 68F
bond strengths 45–46, 48T, 67F
ionic and covalent 42–43
noncovalent bonds 47–48
single and double 45–46, 48T, 67F
as source of food energy 427
see also bond energies; covalent
chemical bonds; peptide bonds
chemical groups 51, 66F–67F
chemical reactions
activation energy 89–90, 91F
coupled reactions 92, 94F–95F
driven by photosynthesis 85–86
equilibrium reactions 92
free energy and direction of 89
free energy and progress of 92
localization within cells 495–496
reverse reactions 49, 53F, 92, 94F,
96, 100, 103, 110
spontaneous reactions 89, 94F–95F
see also condensation reactions;
enzymes; reaction rates
chemical signal interconversion with
electrical 416–417
chemical similarity of cells 3–4
chemiosmotic coupling
as ancient and widespread 457–458,
464, 488F, 490–491
delayed acceptance of 457, 469
oxidative phosphorylation 476
chemiosmotic hypothesis 457, 476, 477
chemotaxis 596
chemotherapy 728
chiasmata 659–660
chimpanzees 223, 310, 311F, 323, 326
chitin 53
Chlamydomonas 591F
Chlorobium tepidum 489F
chlorophyll
adsorption spectrum 480
location in chloroplasts 18
source of “high-energy” electrons
463, 479, 482
special pair dimer 481, 482F,
483–484, 485F
structure 481F
chloroplasts
collaboration with mitochondria
487F
energy storage 450, 487
origins 15, 18–19, 457–458, 490, 499
and photosynthesis 18–19, 478–488
protein and lipid imports into
505–506
structure and function 19, 478–479
thylakoid membrane 458F, 479–483,
485F, 487F, 505
cholera 547–549
cholesterol
as amphipathic 367, 368F
and membrane fluidity 372
receptor-mediated endocytosis
525–526
structure 75F
synthesis 108F
choline 55, 74F
chromatids 183F
chromatids, sister 183, 625, 626F,
627–629F, 631, 633–634, 635F,
657–658, 660, 661F
chromatin
compacting and extending 187,
189–192
defined 179, 184
epigenetic inheritance and 287
euchromatin 190
heterochromatin 184F, 189–191, 277,
291, 321–322F
regulating DNA accessibility 188
chromatin-remodeling complexes
188–189, 276–277, 279, 291
chromatography
affinity chromatography 159, 166F
column chromatography 141F, 166F
gel-filtration chromatography
166F
immunoaffinity chromatography
141F
ion-exchange chromatography 166F
protein isolation using 158–159,
166F, 563
chromosomal abnormalities 180, 352,
721, 722F, 728
chromosomal reassortment 653,
660–662, 675F
chromosomal translocations 180F, 722F
chromosomes
behavior and Mendel’s laws 669–671
condensation 183–184
discovery 174
DNA packaging in 186–187
homologous and sex chromosomes
179, 184F, 304F, 345F, 652, 655–659,
661F, 671F, 679
human genome 321–323
interphase chromosomes 181–184,
185F, 187, 189–192, 277
meiotic chromosome numbers
654–656, 661