Essential Cell Biology 5th edition

I:4 Index
cancers 718–729
anticancer drugs 148, 562, 728–729
arising from uncorrected mutations
218–219, 222–223
breast cancer 722F, 728
chromosomal loops and 278
as clones of misbehaving cells
718–719, 722F
colorectal cancer 218, 223F, 715,
719F, 721F, 726–727, 730–731
death rates 718
and epidemiology 719–720
as failure of controls 620, 726
familial predisposition 726, 730
genetic instability 721
leukemia 148, 714F, 715, 729
malignant and benign tumors 719, 731
melanomas 728, 729F, 731
metastases 719, 722, 725, 727–728,
729F
oncogenes and tumor suppressor
genes 560, 723–725, 726–730
p53 gene and 621, 723
Ras mutations in 560, 673, 722
regulatory pathways targeted
725–726
retinoblastoma 620
RTK abnormalities and 558
treatment options 728
Candida albicans 324F
cap-binding complexes 242
CAP (catabolite activator protein) 130,
133, 275
capping proteins 583, 598F
carbohydrates
cell surface 382–382, 386
mono-, di-, poly-, and
oligosaccharides 53–54
see also sugars
carbon–carbon bonds 44–45
carbon compounds, importance 39,
50–51
carbon cycle 87
carbon dioxide in respiration and
photosynthesis 86, 88, 89, 427, 478,
480F, 485F
carbon fixation 86, 478, 480, 484–487
carbon-fixation cycle (Calvin cycle) 486
carbon isotopes 41
carbon–nitrogen and carbon–oxygen
bonds 67F
carbon skeletons 66F
carboxyl group transfer 110F
carboxylic acids
as amphipathic 54
carboxylated biotin 109T, 110F
derivatives of 74F
in water 54, 67F, 69F
weakness of 49, 69F
see also amino acids; fatty acids
carboxypeptidase 149
cardiac muscle see heart muscle
cargo receptors 513, 514F
carnivorous plants 405
b-carotene 360
cartilage 695, 697, 700–701
Cas9 enzyme 358
caspases 641–643
catabolic pathways 82
activated carriers and 101F, 108
regulation 447
three stages of catabolism 428–430
see also citric acid cycle
catalysis
and activation energy 89–90
defined 91
energetics of 88–100
see also enzymes
b-catenins 730–731
cations
concentration gradients 391–392
solution behavior 47
CCR5 receptor 682
Cdc genes 30–31
Cdc6 phosphatase 623, 624F
Cdc25 phosphatase 618F, 623, 625
Cdk inhibitors 618–621, 622F
Cdks (cyclin-dependent protein kinases)
613–618, 620–623, 624F, 630, 635
cell-cycle control system 613
G 1
-Cdks 617, 621
G 1
/S-Cdks 614, 617, 620–621, 630
M-Cdks 614, 616, 617T, 618–620,
623–625, 630
S-Cdks 614, 617, 620–621, 622F, 623,
624F, 630
vertebrate cyclins and Cdks 617T
cDNA (complementary DNA) libraries
339, 340F
cells
animal cells as polarized 585
apical, basal, and lateral surfaces
382, 401, 702–705, 706F
chemical similarity 3–4
composition by mass 58
defense mechanisms 290–291
diploid and haploid distinguished
652
discovery 7
energy use 82–88
eukaryotic 16–27
as fundamental to life 1
genomics experiments in living cells
352–354
germ cells 65, 299–300, 652
intracellular condensates 157, 158F,
242
microscopic examination 6–11
numbers, control of 639–646
numbers in Caenorhabditis elegans
32
numbers in human body 709
organization into tissues and organs
691
plant and animal contrasted 8F, 567,
692
prokaryotic 11–16
recognition by surface carbohydrate
383
repertoire of activities 710
reprogramming differentiated cells
285
role of small molecules 50–58
second law of thermodynamics and
83–84, 90
self-organization in 134
shapes and sizes of 2, 11F, 639–645
shared chemistry 3–4
tissue organization and 710–711
turnover 711–712
unity and diversity 2–5, 701–702, 710
viral lysis 317
cell–cell interactions
in organoids 718
recognition 383, 516
see also cell junctions; cell signaling
cell communities see tissues
cell cortex
actin filaments and 574F, 595–597,
599–600F
and cell locomotion 596–598
contractile ring and 637
and plasma membranes 380–381,
385, 596
cell cycle
chromosome behavior and 181–182
duration and turnover rate 610,
611T, 711–712
eukaryotic, four phases 611–612
overview 609, 610–613
senescence 723
see also G 1
phase; G 2
phase; M phase;
S phase
cell-cycle control system 612–613,
613–619
checkpoints 612, 635, 663, 721, 728
defects and cancer 721, 725, 728
eukaryotes, as conserved 30–31, 613
pausing the cycle 618–619
temperature-sensitive mutants 678
cell division
asymmetric cell division 637
cdc genes 30–31
coordinated gene expression in 279,
282
cytoskeleton role in 23
meiosis as reductive division 652,
654
microscopic view 7F
mitogens and 620–621
nondividing states 621–622
organelle distribution 500
protein phosphorylation 152
rates of 610, 622
and whole-genome duplication
306
yeast studies 28, 30
see also cell cycle; meiosis; mitosis
cell-free systems 155, 160T, 246–247,
520
cell fusion
mouse–human hybrids 381
in sexual reproduction 651, 653,
662–663
cell homogenates 158, 164F–165F
cell junctions 704–706, 708F
cytoskeleton-linked junctions 691,
693, 698–699, 700F, 704–707
desmosomes 575, 577, 579,
704–707
gap junctions 403, 707–709
importance of adhesion 711, 723
intermediate filaments and 575
in plants 692–693, 708, 709F
tight junctions 382, 383F, 401, 527F,
703–705, 708F
cell locomotion/crawling
characteristic of animal cells 2, 23
enzyme-coupled receptors and 557
integrins and 698–699
proteoglycans and 701
role of the cytoskeleton 590–592,
594, 596–599
see also motor proteins
cell membranes
as amphipathic 367–369, 370, 376
as asymmetrical 373–374
concentration gradients across 380,
393–395, 405F