Essential Cell Biology 5th edition

Index
I:3
B
B lymphocytes/B cells 140F, 141F,
268
Bacillus subtilis 303
backbone models, protein structure
124, 126F, 132F
“backstitching” maneuver 207–208
BACs (bacterial artificial chromosomes)
348–349
bacteria
Cas9 defense mechanism 358
cell walls and lysozyme 136
chemical composition 51, 52T
circular DNA in 179
conjugation in 308F
DNA cloning in 334–341
in genetic engineering 106
habitats 14–15
membrane fluidity 372
origins of chloroplasts as 15, 18–19,
457–458, 490, 499
origins of mitochondria as 14, 17–18,
457, 490, 499, 500F
as prokaryotes 11, 15
replication rate 14
restriction nucleases and 335
shapes and sizes 14
start codons 254
sugar digestion regulators 275–276
surface-to-volume ratios 499
thermophilic 342F
toxins and G proteins 547–548
transcription initiation in 233,
235
transcription regulators 271–275
translation accompanying
transcription 255
see also E. coli
bacterial flagella 467
bacteriorhodopsin 118F, 160T, 379–380,
397, 402, 403T, 477, 545
Bad protein 561
“bait” proteins 563, 730
Bak protein 642, 643F
ball-and-stick models 44F, 52F, 56–57F,
107F, 109F
Barr bodies 191F
barrier DNA sequences 190–191
basal bodies 580F, 582, 590
basal lamina 383F, 578F, 702–703,
704–707, 713, 719F, 722
base-pairing 58, 176, 179F, 216, 217F,
230, 241, 289
enabling DNA replication
200–201
hydrogen bonds, A-T and C-G
177F, 201
tRNA with rRNA 251
wobble base-pairing 248
see also complementary base-pairing
bases (in solution)
basic side-chain amino acids 76F
hydroxyl ion formation 50, 69F
proton acceptance by 50
bases (nucleotide)
abbreviations 79F, 176
in DNA and RNA 57, 175, 209
external features 234, 272
as purines and pyrimidines 57, 78F
unusual, in tRNA 248F
see also adenine; cytosine; guanine;
thymine; uracil
basic side-chain amino acids 76F
Bax protein 642, 643F
Bcl2 family proteins 642, 644
Beggiatoa 15F
behavioral effects of mutations 676
bg complex, G protein 546, 547F, 548,
553F
b barrels 376F, 378
b cells, pancreatic 267–268, 523F,
536T
b-galactosidase 281F, 353F
b sheets 126, 127F, 129–130, 131F, 139F,
157, 158F, 160T
membrane proteins 378
bi-orientation 632
Bicoid gene 281F
binding
extracellular signal molecules 537F
as a protein function 137–138
binding energies 97–98
binding sites 137–138
cooperative binding 305F, 400
multiple binding sites 151
multiple polypeptide chains
132–133
oxygen 474
transporters 392, 396, 400
see also active sites; substrate
binding
binding strength, noncovalent
interactions 97
biosynthesis
activated carriers and 101–112
pathways beginning with glycolysis
or the citric acid cycle 441
see also anabolic pathways; catabolic
pathways
biotechnology industry 161
bioterrorism 343
biotin as an activated carrier 109, 110F,
149
birth defects 681
bisphosphoglycerate 434–435, 437F
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 434, 435F,
437F, 476, 486F
bivalents 657–659, 661, 670
blastocysts 716
blebs 640
blindness 361, 681, 685
blood cells
lubrication 383
types 714, 715F
blood groups 54, 73F
blood platelets 699
blood samples 341, 344F, 714
body plan formation 280
body size, determination of 639
bond angles 44
bond energies
in activated carriers 86, 101, 427,
466F
conversion 84–85
covalent bonds 44, 46
“high-energy” bonds 95F, 428
bond lengths 44, 48T, 68F
bond strengths 45–46, 48T, 67F
bone 693, 695–697, 698F, 700, 711
bone marrow 710, 712, 714–715
Boveri, Theodor 24T
brain
nerve cell receptors 421
transmitter-gated ion channels
419
brains
CaM-kinase effects 554
energy consumption 416
gene expression 551, 552F
regulatory DNA and evolution 326
Brca1 and Brca2 proteins 728
brewer’s yeast see Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
brown fat cells 476–477
brush-border cells/absorptive cells 523,
703–704, 712–714
budding yeasts 2, 16, 17F, 28
see also Saccharomyces cerevisiae
buffers 50
bypass reactions 448
C
C. elegans see Caenorhabditis
C-termini, polypeptides 56, 120
Ca 2+ ions
Ca 2+ channel abnormalities 717
concentrations inside and outside
cells 391T, 399
fertilization and egg development
553, 663
inositol trisphosphate effects
552–553
intracellular messenger role 545,
553
ion-channel-coupled receptors
544
required by cadherins 705
sequestration in smooth ER 497
triggering muscle contraction 553,
604–605
voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels 416,
417F, 604F
Ca 2+ pumps 118F, 399, 400F, 403T,
554, 605
cadherins 705, 706–707F, 711, 723, 725
Caenorhabditis elegans
centrosome 582F
genome 35T, 309, 676–677
introducing dsRNA 355
as model organism 29, 32
social behavior 676
caffeine 549
calcium ions see Ca 2+
calcium phosphate in bone 696F,
700
calico cats 191, 192F
callus formation 359–360
calluses 359–360
calmodulin 125F, 554
calories, conversion with joules 45,
94F
Calvin cycle 486z
CaM-kinases (Ca 2+ /calmodulindependent
protein kinases) 554
cancer cells
characteristics 718–719, 722–723
competitive advantage 721–723
favoring glycolysis 723
invasiveness 718–719
matrix proteases in 697
mismatch repair and 218–219
and somatic mutations 223
and telomere shortening 215, 723
unrestrained proliferation 718–719
cancer-critical/driver mutations/genes
720–721, 723–727, 728T, 730–731