Essential Cell Biology 5th edition

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FIF THEDITIONESSENTIALCELL BIOLOGYBruce AlbertsUNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCOKaren HopkinSCIENCE WRITERAlexander JohnsonUNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCODavid MorganUNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCOMartin RaffUNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON (EMERITUS)Keith RobertsUNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA (EMERITUS)Peter WalterUNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCOW. W. NORTON & COMPANYn NEW YORK • LONDON
Page 3: ESSENTIALCELL BIOLOGYFIFTH EDITION
Page 7 and 8: PREFACENobel Prize-winning physicis
Page 9 and 10: PrefaceviiJulie Lively, Louisiana S
Page 11 and 12: PrefaceixAnimations and VideosStrea
Page 13 and 14: PrefacexiLIST OF CHAPTERS andSPECIA
Page 15: List of Chapters and Special Featur
Page 18 and 19: xviContentsCHAPTER 2Chemical Compon
Page 20 and 21: xviiiContentsATP Hydrolysis Allows
Page 22 and 23: xxContentsSpecific Enzymes Couple t
Page 24 and 25: xxiiContentsCHAPTER 10Analyzing the
Page 26 and 27: xxivContentsIon Channels Randomly S
Page 28 and 29: xxviContentsCHAPTER 15Intracellular
Page 30 and 31: xxviiiContentsCHAPTER 17Cytoskeleto
Page 32 and 33: xxxContentsCONTROL OF CELL NUMBERS
Page 34 and 35: xxxiiContentsCANCER 718Cancer Cells
Page 36 and 37: 2 CHAPTER 1 Cells: The Fundamental
Page 46 and 47: 12PANEL 1-1 MICROSCOPYCONVENTIONAL
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20 CHAPTER 1 Cells: The Fundamental
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30HOW WE KNOWLIFE’S COMMON MECHAN
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40 CHAPTER 2 Chemical Components of
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60HOW WE KNOWTHE DISCOVERY OF MACRO
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66PANEL 2-1 CHEMICAL BONDS AND GROU
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68PANEL 2-2 THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
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Panel 2.03a70PANEL 2-3 THE PRINCIPA
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72PANEL 2-4 AN OUTLINE OF SOME OF T
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74PANEL 2-5 FATTY ACIDS AND OTHER L
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Panel 2.06a76PANEL 2-6 THE 20 AMINO
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78PANEL 2-7 A SURVEY OF THE NUCLEOT
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82 CHAPTER 3 Energy, Catalysis, and
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94PANEL 3-1 FREE ENERGY AND BIOLOGI
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100 CHAPTER 3 Energy, Catalysis, an
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102HOW WE KNOW“HIGH-ENERGY” PHO
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CHAPTER FOUR4Protein Structure and
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The Shape and Structure of Proteins
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How Proteins Work137HOW PROTEINS WO
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How Proteins Work139antigenbindings
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How Proteins Work141USING ANTIBODIE
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How Proteins Work143rate of reactio
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How Proteins Work145enzyme activity
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How Proteins Work147SUBSTRATEThis s
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How Proteins Are Controlled149Anoth
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How Proteins Are Controlled151Feedb
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How Proteins Are Controlled153Figur
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How Proteins Are Controlled155Figur
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How Proteins Are Controlled157unstr
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How Proteins Are Studied159portions
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How Proteins Are Studied161Figure 4
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Essential Concepts163determines bot
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ECB5 Panel 4.03b/panel 4.03b165DIFF
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PANEL 4-5 PROTEIN SEPARATION BY ELE
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169CRYOELECTRON MICROSCOPYX-ray cry
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Questions171of the enzyme but canno
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CHAPTER FIVE5DNA and ChromosomesLif
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The Structure of DNA175DNA, after a
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The Structure of DNA1775′3′(A)H
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The Structure of Eukaryotic Chromos
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The Regulation of Chromosome Struct
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The Regulation of Chromosome Struct
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HOW WE KNOWGENES ARE MADE OF DNA193
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195Virus cocktailsThe debate was no
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Questions197QUESTION 5-10A compact
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CHAPTER SIX6DNA Replication and Rep
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DNA Replication201Figure 6-3 In eac
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DNA Replication203model, it occurre
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DNA Replication205replication origi
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DNA Replication207that is, the dire
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DNA Replication209(A)ACTUAL 5′-to
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DNA Replication2115′ phosphateAAT
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DNA Replication213TABLE 6-1 PROTEIN
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DNA Repair215of cell division, the
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DNA Repair217mutated sequenceold st
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DNA Repair219TOP STRANDREPLICATEDCO
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DNA Repair221the repair, a recombin
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DNA Repair223The many other cells i
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Questions225KEY TERMScancerDNA liga
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CHAPTER SEVEN7From DNA to Protein:H
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From DNA to RNA229(A)SUGAR DIFFEREN
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From DNA to RNA231DNA double helixr
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From DNA to RNA233Signals in the DN
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From DNA to RNA235Initiation of Euk
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From DNA to RNA237transcriptionstar
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From DNA to RNA2395′3′promoters
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From DNA to RNA2415′U1RNA portion
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From RNA to Protein243nuclearenvelo
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From RNA to Protein245codonsGCAGCCG
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From RNA to Protein2475’UUUUUUUUU
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From RNA to Protein249Specific Enzy
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From RNA to Protein251has a mass of
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From RNA to Protein253folded RNA. T
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From RNA to Protein255ribosome, the
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From RNA to Protein257degrade those
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RNA and the Origins of Life259as we
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RNA and the Origins of Life261TABLE
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Essential Concepts263• Eukaryotic
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Questions265QUESTION 7-16A. The ave
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268 CHAPTER 8 Control of Gene Expre
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280HOW WE KNOWGENE REGULATION—THE
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CHAPTER NINE9How Genes andGenomes E
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Generating Genetic Variation299ORIG
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Generating Genetic Variation301smal
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Generating Genetic Variation303perc
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Generating Genetic Variation305Figu
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Generating Genetic Variation307If t
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Reconstructing Life’s Family Tree
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Mobile Genetic Elements and Viruses
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Examining the Human Genome321The ta
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Examining the Human Genome323genesr
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Examining the Human Genome325portio
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Examining the Human Genome327region
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Questions329• The human genome co
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Questions331GeneAminoAcidsRates of
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334 CHAPTER 10 Analyzing the Struct
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348HOW WE KNOWSEQUENCING THE HUMAN
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366 CHAPTER 11 Membrane Structure1r
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368 CHAPTER 11 Membrane Structurepo
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ECB5 e11.11/11.11370 CHAPTER 11 Mem
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372 CHAPTER 11 Membrane Structurefl
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374 CHAPTER 11 Membrane Structureno
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376 CHAPTER 11 Membrane StructureMe
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378 CHAPTER 11 Membrane Structurehy
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380 CHAPTER 11 Membrane StructureFi
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382 CHAPTER 11 Membrane StructureFi
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384HOW WE KNOWMEASURING MEMBRANE FL
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386 CHAPTER 11 Membrane Structurene
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388 CHAPTER 11 Membrane Structureab
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390 CHAPTER 12 Transport Across Cel
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398CYTOSOLCHAPTER 12 Transport Acro
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412HOW WE KNOWSQUID REVEAL SECRETS
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN13How Cells Obtain
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The Breakdown and Utilization of Su
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Regulation of Metabolism447REGULATI
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Regulation of Metabolism449Cells St
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Essential Concepts451fat dropletsta
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Questions453QUESTION 13-13An animal
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456 CHAPTER 14 Energy Generation in
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472PANEL 14-1 REDOX POTENTIALSHOW R
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476HOW WE KNOWHOW CHEMIOSMOTIC COUP
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496 CHAPTER 15 Intracellular Compar
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520HOW WE KNOWTRACKING PROTEIN AND
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CHAPTER SIXTEEN16Cell SignalingIndi
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General Principles of Cell Signalin
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptors545Where
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptors547targe
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptors549Figur
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptors551epine
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptors553signa
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptors555(A)sm
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Enzyme-Coupled Receptors557Figure 1
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Enzyme-Coupled Receptors559interact
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Enzyme-Coupled Receptors561survival
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HOW WE KNOWUNTANGLING CELL SIGNALIN
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Enzyme-Coupled Receptors565unspecif
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Enzyme-Coupled Receptors567hormone
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Essential Concepts569signal Aplasma
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Questions571KEY TERMSadaptation GTP
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CHAPTER SEVENTEEN17CytoskeletonThe
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Intermediate Filaments575INTERMEDIA
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Intermediate Filaments577Intermedia
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Intermediate Filaments579Figure 17-
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Microtubules581αtubulin dimer(= mi
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Microtubules583nucleuscentrosomegro
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Microtubules585nerve cell body--mic
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Microtubules587minusendtailglobular
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Microtubules589Figure 17-22 Kinesin
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Microtubules591Figures 17-26 Flagel
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Actin Filaments593(A) (B) (C) (D) (
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Actin Filaments595keeps the actin m
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Actin Filaments597CONTRACTIONactin
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Actin Filaments599(A)UNSTIMULATED C
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Muscle Contraction601plus endminus
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Muscle Contraction603minusendmyosin
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Muscle Contraction605(A)actin10 nmt
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Questions607• In skeletal muscle
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CHAPTER EIGHTEEN18The Cell-Division
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Overview of the Cell Cycle611TABLE
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The Cell-Cycle Control System613ens
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HOW WE KNOWDISCOVERY OF CYCLINS AND
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The Cell-Cycle Control System617S c
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The Cell-Cycle Control System619Cdk
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G 1 Phase621CYTOSOLNUCLEUSactive Rb
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S Phase623S PHASEBefore a cell divi
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M Phase625Figure 18−17 Activated
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Mitosis627responsible for separatin
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Mitosis629MITOSIS3METAPHASEspindle
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Mitosis631Figure 18−22 A bipolar
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Mitosis633Figure 18−26). Although
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Mitosis635(A)ANAPHASE A CHROMOSOMES
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Cytokinesis637a fine glass needle)
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Control of Cell Numbers and Cell Si
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Essential Concepts647• When the n
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Questions649help determine the leng
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652 CHAPTER 19 Sexual Reproduction
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684HOW WE KNOWUSING SNPs TO GET A H
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692 CHAPTER 20 Cell Communities: Ti
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730HOW WE KNOWMAKING SENSE OF THE G
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A:2 Answersnondestructive and passe
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A:4 AnswersD. Carbon-14 has two add
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A:6 AnswersANSWER 2-19 Noncovalent
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A:8 Answerscase, higher-order struc
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A:10 AnswersFigure A4−4ANSWER 4-5
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A:12 Answerswhich it would normally
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A:14 Answersthe sugar-phosphate bac
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A:16 AnswersC. True. With proofread
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A:18 Answersuse of the word dogma,
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A:20 Answerscells, and reactions th
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A:22 AnswersANSWER 8-7 The affinity
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A:24 Answersthe second intron is no
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A:26 Answerslonger products that ev
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A:28 AnswersInternal hydrogen bonds
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A:30 Answersside of the membrane (i
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A:32 Answersin a membrane. A voltag
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A:34 Answerswhere most of the energ
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A:36 Answersthe Fe ions so that the
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A:38 Answersthis mixture, so that e
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A:40 Answersco-packaged in the ER w
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A:42 Answers3. The response to a si
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A:44 Answerstubulin subunits in adj
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A:46 Answersthe microtubule will al
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A:48 AnswersANSWER 18-13A. Radiatio
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A:50 AnswersANSWER 18-24 Antibodies
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A:52 Answersin the frequency of a d
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A:54 Answerseyed fly and a white-ey
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A:56 Answerscells, thereby increasi
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G:2 GlossaryantibodyProtein produce
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G:4 GlossarycholesterolShort, rigid
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G:6 Glossaryelectrochemical gradien
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G:8 Glossarymolecule is translated
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G:10 Glossaryiron-sulfur centerTigh
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G:12 GlossaryN-terminusThe end of a
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G:14 Glossarycore of a protein mole
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G:16 Glossaryfrom a DNA template us
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G:18 GlossarytubulinProtein from wh
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I:2 Indexamino acid sequences/seque
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I:4 Indexcancers 718-729anticancer
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I:6 Indexchromosomes (continued)mit
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I:8 IndexDNA methylation 287DNA-onl
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I:10 Indexfetal hemoglobin 305fibro
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I:12 Indexheart muscleacetylcholine
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I:14 Indexlysosomesdigestion in 527
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I:16 Indexnerve cells (neurons) (co
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I:18 Indexpolyacrylamide-gel electr
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I:20 IndexrRNAs (ribosomal RNAs) 16
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I:22 Indextranscription regulators/
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