Essential Cell Biology 5th edition

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xxxiiContentsCANCER 718Cancer Cells Proliferate Excessively and Migrate Inappropriately 718Epidemiological Studies Identify Preventable Causes of Cancer 719Cancers Develop by an Accumulation of Somatic Mutations 720Cancer Cells Evolve, Acquiring an Increasing Competitive Advantage 721Two Main Classes of Genes Are Critical for Cancer: Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes 723Cancer-critical Mutations Cluster in a Few Fundamental Pathways 725Colorectal Cancer Illustrates How Loss of a Tumor Suppressor Gene Can Lead to Cancer 726An Understanding of Cancer Cell Biology Opens the Way to New Treatments 727ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS 729QUESTIONS 733ANSWERS A:1GLOSSARY G:1INDEX I:1
CHAPTER ONE1Cells: The FundamentalUnits of LifeWhat does it mean to be living? Petunias, people, and pond scum are allalive; stones, sand, and summer breezes are not. But what are the fundamentalproperties that characterize living things and distinguish themfrom nonliving matter?The answer hinges on a basic fact that is taken for granted now butmarked a revolution in thinking when first established more than 175years ago. All living things (or organisms) are built from cells: small,membrane-enclosed units filled with a concentrated aqueous solution ofchemicals and endowed with the extraordinary ability to create copies ofthemselves by growing and then dividing in two. The simplest forms oflife are solitary cells. Higher organisms, including ourselves, are communitiesof cells derived by growth and division from a single founder cell.Every animal or plant is a vast colony of individual cells, each of whichperforms a specialized function that is integrated by intricate systems ofcell-to-cell communication.UNITY AND DIVERSITY OF CELLSCELLS UNDER THE MICROSCOPETHE PROKARYOTIC CELLTHE EUKARYOTIC CELLMODEL ORGANISMSCells, therefore, are the fundamental units of life. Thus it is to cell biology—thestudy of cells and their structure, function, and behavior—thatwe look for an answer to the question of what life is and how it works.With a deeper understanding of cells, we can begin to tackle the grandhistorical problems of life on Earth: its mysterious origins, its stunningdiversity produced by billions of years of evolution, and its invasion ofevery conceivable habitat on the planet. At the same time, cell biologycan provide us with answers to the questions we have about ourselves:Where did we come from? How do we develop from a single fertilized eggcell? How is each of us similar to—yet different from—everyone else onEarth? Why do we get sick, grow old, and die?
Page 3: ESSENTIALCELL BIOLOGYFIFTH EDITION
Page 6 and 7: W. W. Norton & Company has been ind
Page 8 and 9: viPrefaceanswer and others invite s
Page 10 and 11: viiiPrefaceDenise Schanck deserves
Page 12 and 13: ABOUT THE AUTHORSBRUCE ALBERTS rece
Page 14 and 15: xiiList of Chapters and Special Fea
Page 17 and 18: PrefacexvCONTENTSPreface vAbout the
Page 19 and 20: ContentsxviiThe Equilibrium Constan
Page 21 and 22: ContentsxixCHAPTER 6DNA Replication
Page 23 and 24: ContentsxxiPOST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL CON
Page 25 and 26: ContentsxxiiiCHAPTER 11Membrane Str
Page 27 and 28: ContentsxxvCHAPTER 14Energy Generat
Page 29 and 30: ContentsxxviiCHAPTER 16Cell Signali
Page 31 and 32: ContentsxxixCHAPTER 18The Cell-Divi
Page 33: ContentsxxxiGENETICS AS AN EXPERIME
Page 37 and 38: Unity and Diversity of Cells3mechan
Page 39 and 40: Unity and Diversity of Cells5nucleo
Page 41 and 42: Cells Under the Microscope7The Inve
Page 43 and 44: Cells Under the Microscope9cytoplas
Page 45 and 46: The Prokaryotic Cell110.2 mm(200 µ
Page 47 and 48: The Prokaryotic Cell13SUPER-RESOLUT
Page 49 and 50: The Prokaryotic Cell15(A)HSV10 µmF
Page 51 and 52: The Eukaryotic Cell17nucleusnuclear
Page 53 and 54: The Eukaryotic Cell19chloroplastsch
Page 55 and 56: The Eukaryotic Cell21lysosomenuclea
Page 57 and 58: The Eukaryotic Cell23duplicatedchro
Page 59 and 60: PANEL 1-2 CELL ARCHITECTURE 25ANIMA
Page 61 and 62: Model Organisms27(C)(D)(A) (B) (E)
Page 63 and 64: Model Organisms29Figure 1-34 Drosop
Page 65 and 66: Model Organisms31INTRODUCE FRAGMENT
Page 67 and 68: Model Organisms33(A) (B) (C)50 µm
Page 69 and 70: Model Organisms35TABLE 1-2 SOME MOD
Page 71 and 72: Questions37• Free-living, single-
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER TWO2Chemical Components of
Page 75 and 76: Chemical Bonds41number of protons.
Page 77 and 78: Chemical Bonds43+atoms+SHARING OFEL
Page 79 and 80: Chemical Bonds45Four electrons can
Page 81 and 82: Chemical Bonds47Because of the favo
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Small Molecules in Cells51with othe
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Small Molecules in Cells53optical i
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Small Molecules in Cells55can be re
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Small Molecules in Cells57O _O _ ph
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Macromolecules in Cells59Figure 2-3
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Macromolecules in Cells61ultracentr
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Macromolecules in Cells63BBAAthe su
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Questions65KEY TERMSacid electrosta
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67C-O COMPOUNDSMany biological comp
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69WATER AS A SOLVENTMany substances
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71ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTIONSElectros
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73α AND β LINKSThe hydroxyl group
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75LIPID AGGREGATESFatty acids have
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77ACIDIC SIDE CHAINSNONPOLAR SIDE C
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79NOMENCLATUREThe names can be conf
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CHAPTER THREE3Energy, Catalysis, an
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The Use of Energy by Cells83(A) (B)
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The Use of Energy by Cells85ABraise
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The Use of Energy by Cells87H 2 OPH
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Free Energy and Catalysis89thermody
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Free Energy and Catalysis91lake wit
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Free Energy and Catalysis93FOR THE
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Free Energy and Catalysis95REACTION
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Free Energy and Catalysis97to the c
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Free Energy and Catalysis99Figure 3
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Activated Carriers and Biosynthesis
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Essential Concepts113ESSENTIAL CONC
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Questions115a kilocalorie (kcal) is
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118 PANEL 4-1 A FEW EXAMPLES OF SOM
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120 CHAPTER 4 Protein Structure and
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140PANEL 4-2 MAKING AND USING ANTIB
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144HOW WE KNOWMEASURING ENZYME PERF
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164 PANEL 4-3 CELL BREAKAGE AND INI
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166PANEL 4-4 PROTEIN SEPARATION BY
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168PANEL 4-6 PROTEIN STRUCTURE DETE
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174 CHAPTER 5 DNA and ChromosomesTh
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176 CHAPTER 5 DNA and Chromosomes5
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178 CHAPTER 5 DNA and Chromosomes(A
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180 CHAPTER 5 DNA and ChromosomesFi
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182 CHAPTER 5 DNA and ChromosomesY
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184 CHAPTER 5 DNA and ChromosomesFi
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186 CHAPTER 5 DNA and Chromosomesli
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188 CHAPTER 5 DNA and ChromosomesTH
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190 CHAPTER 5 DNA and Chromosomeshe
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192 CHAPTER 5 DNA and Chromosomesge
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194CHAPTER 5DNA and Chromosomesform
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196 CHAPTER 5 DNA and ChromosomesQU
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198 CHAPTER 5 DNA and ChromosomesQU
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200 CHAPTER 6 DNA Replication and R
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202HOW WE KNOWTHE NATURE OF REPLICA
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204CHAPTER 6DNA Replication and Rep
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228 CHAPTER 7 From DNA to Protein:
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246HOW WE KNOWCRACKING THE GENETIC
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CHAPTER EIGHT8Control of Gene Expre
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An Overview of Gene Expression269(A
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How Transcription Is Regulated271de
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How Transcription Is Regulated273tr
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How Transcription Is Regulated275Li
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How Transcription Is Regulated277fo
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Generating Specialized Cell Types27
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Post-Transcriptional Controls287Alt
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Post-Transcriptional Controls289rib
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Post-Transcriptional Controls291At
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Questions293• MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
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Questions295specialized cells is ba
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298 CHAPTER 9 How Genes and Genomes
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324HOW WE KNOWCOUNTING GENESHow man
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5′ 3′5′3′330 CHAPTER 9 How
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CHAPTER TEN10Analyzing the Structur
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Isolating and Cloning DNA Molecules
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IIIIIIIIIIIIIDNA Cloning by PCR341D
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DNA Cloning by PCR343HEAT TOSEPARAT
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DNA Cloning by PCR345(A)ANALYSIS OF
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Sequencing DNA347single-stranded DN
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Sequencing DNA349repetitive DNAinte
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Exploring Gene Function351each loca
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Exploring Gene Function353(A)CONSTR
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Exploring Gene Function355E. coli,
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Exploring Gene Function357(A)(B)Fig
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Exploring Gene Function359fused to
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Exploring Gene Function361Figure 10
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Questions363• DNA sequencing tech
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CHAPTER ELEVEN11Membrane StructureA
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ECB5 e11.05/11.05The Lipid Bilayer3
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The Lipid Bilayer369hydrogen bondsC
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The Lipid Bilayer371sets a lower li
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The Lipid Bilayer373Figure 11-16 Ne
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Membrane Proteins375TRANSPORTERS AN
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Membrane Proteins377A Polypeptide C
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Membrane Proteins379Figure 11-26 SD
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Membrane Proteins381spectrin dimera
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Membrane Proteins383apical plasmame
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ECB5 e11.36/11.36Membrane Proteins3
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Questions387• Most cell membranes
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CHAPTER TWELVE12Transport Across Ce
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Principles of Transmembrane Transpo
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Principles of Transmembrane Transpo
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Transporters and Their Functions395
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Ion Channels and the Membrane Poten
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Ion Channels and Nerve Cell Signali
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Essential Concepts423• Ion channe
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Questions425QUESTION 12-18Amino aci
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428 CHAPTER 13 How Cells Obtain Ene
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436PANEL 13-1 DETAILS OF THE 10 STE
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442PANEL 13-2 THE COMPLETE CITRIC A
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444HOW WE KNOWUNRAVELING THE CITRIC
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CHAPTER FOURTEEN14Energy Generation
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Energy Generation in Mitochondria a
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Mitochondria and Oxidative Phosphor
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Molecular Mechanisms of Electron Tr
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Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis479c
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Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis481F
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Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis483T
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Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis485r
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Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis487s
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The Evolution of Energy-Generating
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Essential Concepts491(A)1 µm(B)Fig
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Questions493C. The electrochemical
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CHAPTER FIFTEEN15Intracellular Comp
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Membrane-Enclosed Organelles497mito
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Membrane-Enclosed Organelles499DNAm
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Protein Sorting501proteins that are
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Protein Sorting503they have the sam
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Protein Sorting505prospective nucle
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Protein Sorting507the first six mon
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Protein Sorting509mRNAgrowingpolype
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Vesicular Transport511hydrophobicst
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Vesicular Transport513(A)(C)25 nm(B
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Secretory Pathways515receptorcargo
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Secretory Pathways517KEY:= glucose=
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Secretory Pathways519cisGolginetwor
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Secretory Pathways521ERGolgiapparat
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Endocytic Pathways523protein in the
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Endocytic Pathways525shed their coa
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Endocytic Pathways527Figure 15−35
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Essential Concepts529• Nuclear pr
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Questions531their destination. Thus
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534 CHAPTER 16 Cell Signalingconsid
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536 CHAPTER 16 Cell Signalingcontac
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538 CHAPTER 16 Cell Signaling(A) he
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540 CHAPTER 16 Cell SignalingFigure
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544 CHAPTER 16 Cell SignalingTABLE
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548 CHAPTER 16 Cell Signalinga diff
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554 CHAPTER 16 Cell Signalingby mem
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556 CHAPTER 16 Cell Signalingouters
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ECB5 e16.32/16.29558 CHAPTER 16 Cel
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562 CHAPTER 16 Cell Signalinggrowth
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564CHAPTER 16Cell Signalinginvolve
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570 CHAPTER 16 Cell Signalingcyclas
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572 CHAPTER 16 Cell SignalingQUESTI
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574 CHAPTER 17 CytoskeletonFigure 1
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576 CHAPTER 17 Cytoskeleton(A)NH 2C
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578 CHAPTER 17 Cytoskeletonbasal ce
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582 CHAPTER 17 Cytoskeletonnucleati
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584 CHAPTER 17 Cytoskeleton(A)GROWI
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586 CHAPTER 17 CytoskeletonQUESTION
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588HOW WE KNOWPURSUING MICROTUBULE-
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594 CHAPTER 17 Cytoskeletonactin wi
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596 CHAPTER 17 Cytoskeletonof actin
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598 CHAPTER 17 Cytoskeletonplus end
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myofibrils602 CHAPTER 17 Cytoskelet
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606 CHAPTER 17 CytoskeletonThe cont
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608 CHAPTER 17 CytoskeletonQUESTION
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610 CHAPTER 18 The Cell-Division Cy
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616CHAPTER 18The Cell-Division Cycl
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628PANEL 18-1 THE PRINCIPAL STAGES
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ECB5 EQ18.14/Q18.14648 CHAPTER 18 T
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CHAPTER NINETEEN19Sexual Reproducti
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The Benefits of Sex653Figure 19−2
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Meiosis and Fertilization655In this
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Meiosis and Fertilization657(A)MITO
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Meiosis and Fertilization659duplica
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Meiosis and Fertilization661(A)(B)m
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Meiosis and Fertilization663gamete
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Mendel and the Laws of Inheritance6
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PANEL 19-1 SOME ESSENTIALS OF CLASS
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Genetics as an Experimental Tool677
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Exploring Human Genetics679With the
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Exploring Human Genetics681remainde
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Exploring Human Genetics683prevalen
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Exploring Human Genetics685Such lin
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Essential Concepts687and function a
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Questions689C. Genotype and phenoty
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CHAPTER TWENTY20Cell Communities: T
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Extracellular Matrix and Connective
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ECB5 e20.11-20.11Extracellular Matr
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Epithelial Sheets and Cell Junction
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Stem Cells and Tissue Renewal709cyt
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Stem Cells and Tissue Renewal711epi
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Stem Cells and Tissue Renewal713LUM
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Stem Cells and Tissue Renewal715SEL
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Stem Cells and Tissue Renewal717reg
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Cancer719normal epithelial cellprim
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Cancer721Figure 20−43 Cancer inci
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Cancer7232. Cancer cells can surviv
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Cancer725(B)(A)loss-of-function mut
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Cancer727(A)Figure 20-50 Colorectal
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Essential Concepts729Figure 20-53 A
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731It turns out that APC regulates
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Questions733KEY TERMSadherens junct
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AnswersChapter 1ANSWER 1-1 Trying t
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Answers A:3proteins, nucleic acids,
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Answers A:5B. The volume of the pag
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Answers A:7X YYYY Zenzyme lowers th
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Answers A:9ANSWER 3-16A. From Table
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Answers A:11on its surface; however
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Answers A:13rate (µmole/min)210 5
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Answers A:15transcriptionally inact
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Answers A:17HNNadenineNNHNH 2NH 2NO
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Answers A:19(A) NORMALsplicing173 b
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Answers A:21Figure A8-2minor groove
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5′ 3′3′Answers A:23proliferat
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Answers A:25that its function is ve
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Answers A:27additional fragments ge
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Answers A:29slightly water-soluble,
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Answers A:311 2 3 4OUTSIDEFigure A1
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Answers A:33ANSWER 12-21 The membra
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Answers A:35STEP1STEP2STEP3STEP4COO
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Answers A:37in their reduced form.
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Answers A:39D. Prokaryotic cells do
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Answers A:41cells that evolved. New
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Answers A:43ANSWER 16-14 Activation
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Answers A:45becomes localized by bi
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Answers A:47ANSWER 18-3 For multice
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Answers A:49overlapping interpolar
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Answers A:51large amounts of alcoho
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Answers A:53chromosome during a mei
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Answers A:55ANSWER 20-9A. False. Ga
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Glossaryacetyl CoAActivated carrier
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Glossary G:3Ca 2+ /calmodulin-depen
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Glossary G:5cyclic AMPSmall intrace
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Glossary G:7a chain of enzymatic re
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Glossary G:9homologousDescribes gen
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Glossary G:11membrane of a cell or
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Glossary G:13oxidative phosphorylat
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Glossary G:15as a molecular marker
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Glossary G:17stromaIn a chloroplast
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IndexNote: The index covers the tex
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IndexI:3BB lymphocytes/B cells 140F
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IndexI:5internal membranes 19, 365-
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IndexI:7cultured cell types 285cult
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IndexI:9endosomes 497-500, 507, 511
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IndexI:11familial hypertrophiccardi
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IndexI:13integrases 319integrinsin
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IndexI:15mitochondrial DNA 17, 245,
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IndexI:17oxaloacetate 110F, 142, 43
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IndexI:19pyrophosphate (PP i) 111,
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IndexI:21spindle poles 627F, 629F,
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IndexI:23water-splitting enzyme (ph
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