Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas

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Human Subjects of Research (Government Printing Office, 1978); Jessica Bardill, Alyssa C. Bader, Nanibaa’ A. Garrison, et al., “Advancing the Ethics of Paleogenomics,” Science 360, no. 6387 (2018): 384–385, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq1131. 12. More accurately, “the child identified on present-day Anzick lands.” Rasmussen, Anzick, Waters, et al., “The Genome of a Late Pleistocene Human from a Clovis Burial Site in Western Montana.” 13. Douglas J. Kennett, Stephen Plog, Richard J. George, et al., “Archaeogenomic Evidence Reveals Prehistoric Matrilineal Dynasty,” Nature Communications 8, no. 14115 (2017): 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14115; Amanda D. Cortez, Deborah A. Bolnick, Jessica Bardill, et al., “An Ethical Crisis in Ancient DNA Research: Insights From the Chaco Canyon Controversy As a Case Study,” Journal of Social Archaeology (2021). DOI: 10.1177/1469605321991600. 14. Krystal S. Tsosie, Joseph M. Yracheta, Jessica Kolopenuk, et al., “Indigenous Data Sovereignties and Data Sharing in Biological Anthropology,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology (2020). DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24184; Krystal S. Tsosie, Joseph M. Yracheta, Jessica A. Kolopenuk, et al., “We Have ‘Gifted’ Enough: Indigenous Genomic Data Sovereignty in Precision Medicine,” American Journal of Bioethics 21, no. 4 (2021): 72–75, DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2021.1891347; Krystal S. Tsosie, Keolu Fox, and Joseph M. Yracheta, “Genomics Data: The Broken Promise Is to Indigenous People,” Nature 591 (2021): 529. 15. Havasupai Tribe, “Welcome to the Official Havasupai Tribe Website,” 2017–2020, https://theofficialhavasupaitribe.com/About-Supai/aboutsupai.html. 16. Paul Rubin, “Indian Givers,” Phoenix New Times, May 27, 2004, https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/indian-givers-6428347. 17. Nanibaa’ A. Garrison and Jessica D. Bardill, “The Ethics of Genetic Ancestry Testing,” in A Companion to Anthropological Genetics, edited by Dennis O’Rourke (John Wiley & Sons, 2019), pp. 28–29. 18. Kim TallBear, Native American DNA: Tribal Belonging and the False Promise of Genetic Science (University of Minnesota Press, 2013). 19. Jessica W. Blanchard, Simon Outram, Gloria Tallbull, et al., “We Don’t
Need a Swab in Our Mouth to Prove Who We Are,” Current Anthropology 60, no. 5 (2019). 20. See essay by Joe Yrcheta, “The Warren Debacle Exacerbates a 527 Year Old Problem,” https://www.academia.edu/41809911/The_Warren_Debacle_Exacerbate s_a_527_year_old_Problem. 21. Darryl Leroux, “ ‘We’ve Been Here for 2,000 Years’: White Settlers, Native American DNA and the Phenomenon of Indigenization,” Social Studies of Science 48, no. 1 (2018): 80–100. 22. Kim TallBear, “Genomic Articulations of indigeneity,” Social Studies of Science 43, no. 4 (2013). 23. Hina Walajahi, David R. Wilson, and Sara Chandros Hull, “Constructing Identities: The Implication of DTC Ancestry Testing for Tribal Communities,” Genetics in Medicine 21 (2019): 1744–1750. 24. Ewan Birney, Michael Inouye, Jennifer Raff, et al., “The Language of Race, Ethnicity, and Ancestry in Human Genetics,” arXiv:2106.10041, https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.10041; Daniel J. Lawson, Lucy van Dorp, and Daniel Falush, “A Tutorial on How Not to Over-Interpret STRUCTURE and ADMIXTURE Bar Plots,” Nature Communications 9, no. 3258 (2018). 25. L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, “The Human Genome Diversity Project: Past, Present, and Future,” Nature Reviews Genetics 6, no. 4 (2005): 333– 340. 26. The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium, “A Global Reference for Human Genetic Variation,” Nature 526 (2015): 68–74. 27. Discussed in Nanibaa’ A. Garrison, Māui Hudson, Leah L. Ballantyne, et al., “Genomic Research through an Indigenous Lens: Understanding the Expectations,” Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 20 (2019): 495–517, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genom-083118- 015434. 28. Jenny Reardon, “Decoding Race and Human Difference in a Genomic Age,” Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 15, no. 3 (2004): 38–65, http://muse.jhu.edu/article/174491. 29. M. Dodson and R. Williamson, “Indigenous Peoples and the Morality of the Human Genome Diversity Project,” Journal of Medical Ethics 25, no. 2 (1999): 204–208, https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.25.2.204.
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Copyright © 2022 by Jennifer Raff
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Contents Cover Title Page Copyright
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For Colin
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Land Acknowledgment Statement This
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Introduction For ten thousand years
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spring. It was clear to archaeologi
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dominated by the story of how Europ
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a tooth in Siberia, in layers of di
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understanding of the past, beginnin
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own creation/origin stories, I bala
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historic property, the cave was cal
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PART I
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terrific view of the Raccoon Creek
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construction has been dated to abou
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constructions made out of earth tha
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weren’t sophisticated enough to h
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obsessively detailed description of
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not the tombs of dead warriors, but
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maps designated many of these lands
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promoted by cable “history” sho
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or “mere wantonness,” but rathe
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“To me, [Heye] was a looter,” S
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World cephalic index map (1896), ad
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Another major implication of polyge
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Jackson). He published extensively
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Earnest Hooton of Harvard Universit
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underlying genetic variation in dif
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B2, C1b, C1c, C1d, C1d1, D1, D4h3a)
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everything from the notion that the
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more plausible that the Clovis peop
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ecovered from the Ancient One (also
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have had the opportunity to visit t
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through the debris deposited by flo
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McJunkin’s site uprooted the foun
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abandonment of a site with a prolon
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archaeology course, was completely
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present in the Americas before Clov
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coal seams near the site, or perhap
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I found out how wrong my professor
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temporal limit to the histories the
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linguistic groupings. Despite a bri
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there—note that the Page-Ladson s
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een open in time for an initial peo
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distinctive population. However, th
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of the interior route. While travel
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Ancient DNA is a more precise and r
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194,000 and 177,000 years ago, and
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oken rocks that could be mistaken f
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additional evidence consistent with
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of wildlife than credited in this h
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intense interest in the area, the e
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Gender, in anthropology, refers to
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archaeological evidence of people l
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archaeologists classified artifacts
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Dyuktai complex microblade core fro
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Mesa complex projectile point from
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several interpretations. The oldest
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end by applying pressure with a bon
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EVIDENCE FOR CHILD TOOLMAKERS? Thro
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hypothesized to have been made by a
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in interior Alaska are located just
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show us the kind of archaeological
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1. Who were the First Peoples of th
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Chapter 4 Twenty years ago I took m
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formation), because the oil from yo
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other monument was carved so that i
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homelands. Over 6 million people to
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In the last 10 to 20 years, however
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probably involved two teams passing
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supervise projects and students and
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necessary). Although it had been a
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identified as belonging to a group
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This obsessive attention to sterile
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and enzyme. The tubes would now mix
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generally lost the tiniest chains o
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two hours, the machine would cycle
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sister gets into a fight with the r
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looking good. Amplification and seq
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often impossible to complete the ge
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different points in time, detect di
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Chapter 6 All geneticists and most
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Some of populations and population
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AMHS populations inherited from oth
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Northern Siberia, 31,000 Years Ago
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uy in packs of 16 for about $4 at a
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in the 1920s, finding an encampment
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from later comparisons that the Mal
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with peat bogs and trees like spruc
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humans, not scavenging animals (13)
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ather large and geographically disp
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American dogs and present-day Arcti
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Chapter 7 Imagine a nondescript cor
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But Halligan told me that “people
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meaningful? Page-Ladson is incredib
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combination of luck and ingenuity.
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archaeologists as Anzick-1 (the two
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Peopling South America Following th
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Australasian populations had to hav
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Other archaeologists (probably most
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lands. We will discuss NAGPRA in ch
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Anne Jensen, an archaeologist who l
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of an ancient DNA laboratory 2,600
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Small Tool tradition (in Alaska, it
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Eske Willerslev at the Centre for G
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complete population replacement of
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One scenario that may explain these
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occurred as the ancestral populatio
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fine ceramics; they also crafted po
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differences observed in the archaeo
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Chapter 9 On July 28, 1996, just 24
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ancestral to all later Native Ameri
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ones. Geneticist Eske Willerslev wa
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Chaco, and they were upset that the
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identity; the suppression of langua
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It’s important that we learn thes
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confidently do detailed population
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eveal stigmatizing information. But
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archaeology to houses with crumblin
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history. The movement out of Bering
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emphasis of the early Alaskan archa
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A memorial made of stone marks the
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A Folsom point between bison ribs
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These Clovis points were excavated
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An archaeologist excavates under wa
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Archaeologist Heather Smith screens
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Archaeologist Marion Coe works at t
Page 260 and 261: Geneticist Krystal Tsosie (Diné) t
Page 262 and 263: Echo-Hawk (Pawnee), Ken Feder, Terr
Page 264 and 265: Discover Your Next Great Read Get s
Page 266 and 267: Notes A note about citations: This
Page 268 and 269: 8. I think this requires a bit more
Page 270 and 271: 10. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the
Page 272 and 273: Critique of Anthropology 7, no. 2 (
Page 274 and 275: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24208.
Page 276 and 277: above as well as the American Socie
Page 278 and 279: Two Rare mtDNA Haplogroups,” Curr
Page 280 and 281: Chapter 2 1. John F. Hoffecker, Mod
Page 282 and 283: Stafford Jr., and David L. Carlson,
Page 284 and 285: Southern Chile,” American Antiqui
Page 286 and 287: 27. Braje, Erlandson, Rick, et al.,
Page 288 and 289: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20112
Page 290 and 291: Chapter 3 1. James E. Dixon, “Pal
Page 292 and 293: Pleistocene Archaeology: Historical
Page 294 and 295: Chapter 4 1. My family and our club
Page 296 and 297: Chapter 5 1. Quoted in Charles Peti
Page 298 and 299: Chapter 6 1. References for this se
Page 300 and 301: Exploration and Settlement of the A
Page 302 and 303: Chapter 7 1. This is an ongoing cha
Page 304 and 305: 7. Pontus Skoglund, Swapan Mallick,
Page 306 and 307: 6. References for this section incl
Page 308 and 309: Spaniards talk about the Taino of t
Page 312 and 313: 30. K. G. Claw, M. Z. Anderson, R.
Page 314 and 315: Epilogue 1. Keolu Fox and John Hawk
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