Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas

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terrific view of the Raccoon Creek Valley from the crest of the hill. As I draw closer, I notice the inevitable station dispensing dog poop bags and urging people to clean up after their pets. Next to it is what I’ve come here to see: a historical marker. If you’re like me, you find these things irresistible, especially in a town like Granville—which technically calls itself a “village”—that is filled with meticulously preserved historical buildings. “Upon this hill,” the plaque reads, “sits one of two great animal effigy mounds built by Ohio’s prehistoric people.” The mound measures about 250 feet long, 76 feet wide, and 4 feet high, and according to the historical sign, it is known as Alligator Mound. If it wasn’t for the sign, you might not even recognize this as an ancient mound—a sacred place to Indigenous ancestors. It’s somewhat more evident if you’re standing at the top of the hill, or if you look closely at the location on Google Earth, but from the street all I could see was what appeared to be natural lumps and elevations. Alligator Mound predates every historical building in Granville. The mound was mapped and described in the 19th century by Ephraim Squier and Edwin Davis, who reported that it was “in the shape of some animal, probably an alligator” (1), although it was very clearly not an alligator (and of course there are no alligators in the Midwest). Squier and Davis noted that an “altar,” an elevated circular space covered in stones that showed signs of fires lit on top of it, extended via an earth causeway from the body of the creature. (When I first looked at the mound, before I read any description of it, I thought this altar and causeway was a strange extra leg on the animal.) Squier and Davis noted that Alligator Mound was one of many “works” i throughout the county, and that its location—atop the bluff —would make it extremely visible to the entire region.
“The Alligator,” Licking County, Ohio. From Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley (1848) by Ephraim Squier and Edwin Davis, published by the Smithsonian Institution. ALLIGATOR AND SERPENT MOUNDS “The name historically associated with ‘Alligator’ mound may contain a clue to the identification of the creature represented by the effigy,” wrote archaeologist Brad Lepper (2), curator of archaeology and manager of archaeology and natural history at the Ohio History Connection in a paper on the mound. He and his co-author, Tod Frolking, interpret the mound as representing Underwater Panther, one of three animal spirits—along with Thunderbird and the Horned Serpent—that are frequently depicted in the pantheon of Eastern Woodland tribes. They note that if European settlers had asked Native Americans what the mound was supposed to depict, the description of a dangerous underwater creature with big teeth and a long tail might well have led them to believe that it was an alligator. Underwater Panther is associated with rivers and lakes and the underworld, and begins appearing in eastern North American art around 1,040 years ago. The mound’s
Page 6 and 7: Copyright © 2022 by Jennifer Raff
Page 8 and 9: Contents Cover Title Page Copyright
Page 10 and 11: For Colin
Page 12 and 13: Land Acknowledgment Statement This
Page 14 and 15: Introduction For ten thousand years
Page 16 and 17: spring. It was clear to archaeologi
Page 18 and 19: dominated by the story of how Europ
Page 20 and 21: a tooth in Siberia, in layers of di
Page 22 and 23: understanding of the past, beginnin
Page 24 and 25: own creation/origin stories, I bala
Page 26 and 27: historic property, the cave was cal
Page 28 and 29: PART I
Page 32 and 33: construction has been dated to abou
Page 34 and 35: constructions made out of earth tha
Page 36 and 37: weren’t sophisticated enough to h
Page 38 and 39: obsessively detailed description of
Page 40 and 41: not the tombs of dead warriors, but
Page 42 and 43: maps designated many of these lands
Page 44 and 45: promoted by cable “history” sho
Page 46 and 47: or “mere wantonness,” but rathe
Page 48 and 49: “To me, [Heye] was a looter,” S
Page 50 and 51: World cephalic index map (1896), ad
Page 52 and 53: Another major implication of polyge
Page 54 and 55: Jackson). He published extensively
Page 56 and 57: Earnest Hooton of Harvard Universit
Page 58 and 59: underlying genetic variation in dif
Page 60 and 61: B2, C1b, C1c, C1d, C1d1, D1, D4h3a)
Page 62 and 63: everything from the notion that the
Page 64 and 65: more plausible that the Clovis peop
Page 66 and 67: ecovered from the Ancient One (also
Page 68 and 69: have had the opportunity to visit t
Page 70 and 71: through the debris deposited by flo
Page 72 and 73: McJunkin’s site uprooted the foun
Page 74 and 75: abandonment of a site with a prolon
Page 76 and 77: archaeology course, was completely
Page 78 and 79: present in the Americas before Clov
Page 80 and 81:
coal seams near the site, or perhap
Page 82 and 83:
I found out how wrong my professor
Page 84 and 85:
temporal limit to the histories the
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linguistic groupings. Despite a bri
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there—note that the Page-Ladson s
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een open in time for an initial peo
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distinctive population. However, th
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of the interior route. While travel
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Ancient DNA is a more precise and r
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194,000 and 177,000 years ago, and
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oken rocks that could be mistaken f
Page 102 and 103:
additional evidence consistent with
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of wildlife than credited in this h
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intense interest in the area, the e
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Gender, in anthropology, refers to
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archaeological evidence of people l
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archaeologists classified artifacts
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Dyuktai complex microblade core fro
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Mesa complex projectile point from
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several interpretations. The oldest
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end by applying pressure with a bon
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EVIDENCE FOR CHILD TOOLMAKERS? Thro
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hypothesized to have been made by a
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in interior Alaska are located just
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show us the kind of archaeological
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1. Who were the First Peoples of th
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Chapter 4 Twenty years ago I took m
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formation), because the oil from yo
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other monument was carved so that i
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homelands. Over 6 million people to
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In the last 10 to 20 years, however
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probably involved two teams passing
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supervise projects and students and
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necessary). Although it had been a
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identified as belonging to a group
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This obsessive attention to sterile
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and enzyme. The tubes would now mix
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generally lost the tiniest chains o
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two hours, the machine would cycle
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sister gets into a fight with the r
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looking good. Amplification and seq
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often impossible to complete the ge
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different points in time, detect di
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Chapter 6 All geneticists and most
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Some of populations and population
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AMHS populations inherited from oth
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Northern Siberia, 31,000 Years Ago
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uy in packs of 16 for about $4 at a
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in the 1920s, finding an encampment
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from later comparisons that the Mal
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with peat bogs and trees like spruc
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humans, not scavenging animals (13)
Page 184:
ather large and geographically disp
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American dogs and present-day Arcti
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Chapter 7 Imagine a nondescript cor
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But Halligan told me that “people
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meaningful? Page-Ladson is incredib
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combination of luck and ingenuity.
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archaeologists as Anzick-1 (the two
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Peopling South America Following th
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Australasian populations had to hav
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Other archaeologists (probably most
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lands. We will discuss NAGPRA in ch
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Anne Jensen, an archaeologist who l
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of an ancient DNA laboratory 2,600
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Small Tool tradition (in Alaska, it
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Eske Willerslev at the Centre for G
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complete population replacement of
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One scenario that may explain these
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occurred as the ancestral populatio
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fine ceramics; they also crafted po
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differences observed in the archaeo
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Chapter 9 On July 28, 1996, just 24
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ancestral to all later Native Ameri
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ones. Geneticist Eske Willerslev wa
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Chaco, and they were upset that the
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identity; the suppression of langua
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It’s important that we learn thes
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confidently do detailed population
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eveal stigmatizing information. But
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archaeology to houses with crumblin
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history. The movement out of Bering
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emphasis of the early Alaskan archa
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A memorial made of stone marks the
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A Folsom point between bison ribs
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These Clovis points were excavated
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An archaeologist excavates under wa
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Archaeologist Heather Smith screens
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Archaeologist Marion Coe works at t
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Geneticist Krystal Tsosie (Diné) t
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Echo-Hawk (Pawnee), Ken Feder, Terr
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Discover Your Next Great Read Get s
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Notes A note about citations: This
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8. I think this requires a bit more
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10. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the
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Critique of Anthropology 7, no. 2 (
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https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24208.
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above as well as the American Socie
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Two Rare mtDNA Haplogroups,” Curr
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Chapter 2 1. John F. Hoffecker, Mod
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Stafford Jr., and David L. Carlson,
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Southern Chile,” American Antiqui
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27. Braje, Erlandson, Rick, et al.,
Page 288 and 289:
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20112
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Chapter 3 1. James E. Dixon, “Pal
Page 292 and 293:
Pleistocene Archaeology: Historical
Page 294 and 295:
Chapter 4 1. My family and our club
Page 296 and 297:
Chapter 5 1. Quoted in Charles Peti
Page 298 and 299:
Chapter 6 1. References for this se
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Exploration and Settlement of the A
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Chapter 7 1. This is an ongoing cha
Page 304 and 305:
7. Pontus Skoglund, Swapan Mallick,
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6. References for this section incl
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Spaniards talk about the Taino of t
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Human Subjects of Research (Governm
Page 312 and 313:
30. K. G. Claw, M. Z. Anderson, R.
Page 314 and 315:
Epilogue 1. Keolu Fox and John Hawk
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Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas

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