Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas

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Chapter 7 1. This is an ongoing challenge in archaeology. A site can only be excavated once, and it therefore can only be read about by other archaeologists (unless some portion of the site is preserved for them to study). I believe this has contributed to the extremely diverse array of opinions on which pre-Clovis sites are “good” and which are considered “unreliable.” In research for this book I did an informal, completely unscientific polling of six archaeologists whose opinions I regularly rely on to help me interpret genetics results. They didn’t have a unanimous opinion about a single site, although most agreed that Page-Ladson was clearly evidence of a pre-Clovis human presence. The sites that most agreed were valid include Swan Point (Alaska), Paisley Caves (Oregon), Shaefer and Hebior (Wisconsin), Monte Verde (Chile), and the Buttermilk Creek sites (Texas). 2. Jessi J. Halligan, Michael R. Waters, Angelina Perrotti, et al., “Pre-Clovis Occupation 14,550 Years Ago at the Page-Ladson Site, Florida, and the Peopling of the Americas,” Science Advances 2, no. 5 (2016): e1600375, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600375. 3. Bastien Llamas, Lars Fehren-Schmitz, Guido Valverde, et al., “Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Provides High-Resolution Time Scale of the Peopling of the Americas,” Science Advances 2, no. 4 (2016): e1501385, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501385. 4. References for this section include Peter Forster, Rosalind Harding, Antonio Torroni, and Hans-Jurgen Bandelt, “Origin and Evolution of Native American MtDNA Variation: A Reappraisal,” American Journal of Human Genetics 59, no. 4 (1996): 935–945; Michael D. Brown, Seyed H. Hosseini, Antonio Torroni, et al., “MtDNA Haplogroup X: An Ancient Link between Europe/Western Asia and North America?” American Journal of Human Genetics 63, no. 6 (1998): 1852–1861, https://doi.org/10.1086/302155; Antonio Torroni, Theodore G. Schurr, James V. Neel, et al., “Asian Affinities and Continental Radiation of the Four Founding Native American MtDNAs,” n.d., 28; Nelson J. R. Fagundes, Ricardo Kanitz, Roberta Eckert, et al., “Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas,” American Journal of Human
Genetics 82, no. 3 (2008): 583–592, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013; Alessandro Achilli, Ugo A. Perego, Claudio M. Bravi, et al., “The Phylogeny of the Four Pan- American MtDNA Haplogroups: Implications for Evolutionary and Disease Studies,” edited by Vincent Macaulay, PLoS ONE 3, no. 3 (2008): e1764, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001764; Ugo A. Perego, Alessandro Achilli, Norman Angerhofer, et al., “Distinctive Paleo-Indian Migration Routes from Beringia Marked by Two Rare MtDNA Haplogroups,” Current Biology 19, no. 1 (2009): 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.058; Theodore G. Schurr, “The Peopling of the New World: Perspectives from Molecular Anthropology,” Annual Review of Anthropology 33, no. 1 (2004): 551– 583, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143932. 5. Morten Rasmussen, Sarah L. Anzick, Michael R. Waters, et al., “The Genome of a Late Pleistocene Human from a Clovis Burial Site in Western Montana,” Nature 506, no. 7487 (2014): 225–229, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13025. 6. Perri, Feuerborn, Frantz, et al., “Dog Domestication and the Dual Dispersal of People and Dogs into the Americas”; Moreno-Mayar, Potter, Vinner, et al., “Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan Genome Reveals First Founding Population of Native Americans”; J. Víctor Moreno-Mayar, Lasse Vinner, Peter de Barros Damgaard, et al., “Early Human Dispersals within the Americas,” Science 362, no. 6419 (2018): eaav2621, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav2621; Posth, Nakatsuka, Lazaridis, et al., “Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America”; Rasmussen, Anzick, Waters, et al., “The Genome of a Late Pleistocene Human from a Clovis Burial Site in Western Montana”; David Reich, Nick Patterson, Desmond Campbell, et al., “Reconstructing Native American Population History,” Nature 488, no. 7411 (2012): 370– 374, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11258; C. L. Scheib, Hongjie Li, Tariq Desai, et al., “Ancient Human Parallel Lineages within North America Contributed to a Coastal Expansion,” Science 360, no. 6392 (2018): 1024, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar6851; Marla Mendes, Isabela Alvim, Victor Borda, et al., “The History behind the Mosaic of the Americas,” Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 62 (June 2020): 72–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2020.06.007.
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Copyright © 2022 by Jennifer Raff
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Contents Cover Title Page Copyright
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For Colin
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Land Acknowledgment Statement This
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Introduction For ten thousand years
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spring. It was clear to archaeologi
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dominated by the story of how Europ
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a tooth in Siberia, in layers of di
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understanding of the past, beginnin
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own creation/origin stories, I bala
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historic property, the cave was cal
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PART I
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terrific view of the Raccoon Creek
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construction has been dated to abou
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constructions made out of earth tha
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weren’t sophisticated enough to h
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obsessively detailed description of
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not the tombs of dead warriors, but
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maps designated many of these lands
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promoted by cable “history” sho
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or “mere wantonness,” but rathe
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“To me, [Heye] was a looter,” S
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World cephalic index map (1896), ad
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Another major implication of polyge
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Jackson). He published extensively
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Earnest Hooton of Harvard Universit
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underlying genetic variation in dif
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B2, C1b, C1c, C1d, C1d1, D1, D4h3a)
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everything from the notion that the
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more plausible that the Clovis peop
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ecovered from the Ancient One (also
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have had the opportunity to visit t
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through the debris deposited by flo
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McJunkin’s site uprooted the foun
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abandonment of a site with a prolon
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archaeology course, was completely
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present in the Americas before Clov
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coal seams near the site, or perhap
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I found out how wrong my professor
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temporal limit to the histories the
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linguistic groupings. Despite a bri
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there—note that the Page-Ladson s
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een open in time for an initial peo
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distinctive population. However, th
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of the interior route. While travel
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Ancient DNA is a more precise and r
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194,000 and 177,000 years ago, and
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oken rocks that could be mistaken f
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additional evidence consistent with
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of wildlife than credited in this h
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intense interest in the area, the e
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Gender, in anthropology, refers to
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archaeological evidence of people l
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archaeologists classified artifacts
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Dyuktai complex microblade core fro
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Mesa complex projectile point from
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several interpretations. The oldest
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end by applying pressure with a bon
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EVIDENCE FOR CHILD TOOLMAKERS? Thro
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hypothesized to have been made by a
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in interior Alaska are located just
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show us the kind of archaeological
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1. Who were the First Peoples of th
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Chapter 4 Twenty years ago I took m
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formation), because the oil from yo
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other monument was carved so that i
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homelands. Over 6 million people to
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In the last 10 to 20 years, however
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probably involved two teams passing
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supervise projects and students and
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necessary). Although it had been a
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identified as belonging to a group
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This obsessive attention to sterile
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and enzyme. The tubes would now mix
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generally lost the tiniest chains o
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two hours, the machine would cycle
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sister gets into a fight with the r
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looking good. Amplification and seq
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often impossible to complete the ge
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different points in time, detect di
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Chapter 6 All geneticists and most
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Some of populations and population
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AMHS populations inherited from oth
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Northern Siberia, 31,000 Years Ago
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uy in packs of 16 for about $4 at a
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in the 1920s, finding an encampment
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from later comparisons that the Mal
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with peat bogs and trees like spruc
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humans, not scavenging animals (13)
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ather large and geographically disp
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American dogs and present-day Arcti
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Chapter 7 Imagine a nondescript cor
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But Halligan told me that “people
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meaningful? Page-Ladson is incredib
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combination of luck and ingenuity.
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archaeologists as Anzick-1 (the two
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Peopling South America Following th
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Australasian populations had to hav
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Other archaeologists (probably most
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lands. We will discuss NAGPRA in ch
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Anne Jensen, an archaeologist who l
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of an ancient DNA laboratory 2,600
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Small Tool tradition (in Alaska, it
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Eske Willerslev at the Centre for G
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complete population replacement of
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One scenario that may explain these
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occurred as the ancestral populatio
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fine ceramics; they also crafted po
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differences observed in the archaeo
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Chapter 9 On July 28, 1996, just 24
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ancestral to all later Native Ameri
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ones. Geneticist Eske Willerslev wa
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Chaco, and they were upset that the
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identity; the suppression of langua
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It’s important that we learn thes
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confidently do detailed population
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eveal stigmatizing information. But
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archaeology to houses with crumblin
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history. The movement out of Bering
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emphasis of the early Alaskan archa
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A memorial made of stone marks the
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A Folsom point between bison ribs
Page 252 and 253: These Clovis points were excavated
Page 254 and 255: An archaeologist excavates under wa
Page 256 and 257: Archaeologist Heather Smith screens
Page 258 and 259: Archaeologist Marion Coe works at t
Page 260 and 261: Geneticist Krystal Tsosie (Diné) t
Page 262 and 263: Echo-Hawk (Pawnee), Ken Feder, Terr
Page 264 and 265: Discover Your Next Great Read Get s
Page 266 and 267: Notes A note about citations: This
Page 268 and 269: 8. I think this requires a bit more
Page 270 and 271: 10. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the
Page 272 and 273: Critique of Anthropology 7, no. 2 (
Page 274 and 275: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24208.
Page 276 and 277: above as well as the American Socie
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Page 280 and 281: Chapter 2 1. John F. Hoffecker, Mod
Page 282 and 283: Stafford Jr., and David L. Carlson,
Page 284 and 285: Southern Chile,” American Antiqui
Page 286 and 287: 27. Braje, Erlandson, Rick, et al.,
Page 288 and 289: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20112
Page 290 and 291: Chapter 3 1. James E. Dixon, “Pal
Page 292 and 293: Pleistocene Archaeology: Historical
Page 294 and 295: Chapter 4 1. My family and our club
Page 296 and 297: Chapter 5 1. Quoted in Charles Peti
Page 298 and 299: Chapter 6 1. References for this se
Page 300 and 301: Exploration and Settlement of the A
Page 304 and 305: 7. Pontus Skoglund, Swapan Mallick,
Page 306 and 307: 6. References for this section incl
Page 308 and 309: Spaniards talk about the Taino of t
Page 310 and 311: Human Subjects of Research (Governm
Page 312 and 313: 30. K. G. Claw, M. Z. Anderson, R.
Page 314 and 315: Epilogue 1. Keolu Fox and John Hawk
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Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas

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