Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas

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Chapter 4 1. My family and our club looked on cave divers as a particularly nutty kind of daredevil. I was severely admonished that I would probably die if I ever attempted it. It was unlikely, in Springfield, Missouri, that I ever would attempt it, but I took their warnings to heart. 2. Allen J. Christenson, trans., Popol Vuh, the Sacred Book of the Quiché Maya People (University of Oklahoma Press, 2007), https://www.mesoweb.com/publications/Christenson/PopolVuh.pdf. 3. My memories of visiting this cave are a bit shaky after 20 years; I therefore relied upon numerous project reports from the Western Belize Regional Cave Project’s 1997 and 1998 reports. In particular, I drew upon these articles: Holley Moyes, and Jaime J. Awe, “Spatial Analysis of Artifacts in the Main Chamber of Actun Tunichil Muknal, Belize: Preliminary Results,” in The Western Belize Cave Project: A Report of the 1997 Field Season, edited by Jaime J. Awe (University of New Hampshire, 1998); pp. 22–38; Sherry A. Gibbs, “Human Skeletal Remains from Actun Tunichil Muknal and Actun Uayazba Kab,” in The Western Belize Cave Project: A Report of the 1997 Field Season, edited by Jaime J. Awe (University of New Hampshire, 1998), pp. 71–95. 4. At the time that I visited this cave, I was 20 years old and training at my first archaeological field school—not experienced enough to identify the injuries on the human skeletons or understand their implications. As research for this section, I went back and read the formal archaeological description of the remains. I must confess that I really struggled with writing this section—trying to balance writing sensitively about this topic while providing an accurate description of cultural practices. If I have failed to achieve this balance, I offer my sincere apologies. 5. Jaime J. Awe, Cameron Griffith, and Sherry Gibbs, “Cave Stelae and Megalithic Monuments in Western Belize,” in The Maw of the Earth Monster: Mesoamerican Ritual Cave Use, edited by James E. Brady and Keith M. Prufer (University of Texas Press, 2005), pp. 223–248. 6. The connection between Abraham’s attempted sacrifice of Isaac and the sacrifice of children to Tlaloc has been discussed by Viviana Díaz Balsera, “A Judeo-Christian Tlaloc or a Nahua Yahweh? Domination, Hybridity, and Continuity in the Nahua Evangelization Theater,”
Colonial Latin American Review 10, no. 3 (2001): 209–227, https://doi.org/10.1080/10609160120093787. 7. Michael H. Crawford, The Origins of Native Americans: Evidence from Anthropological Genetics (Cambridge University Press, 1998). 8. Cosimo Posth, Nathan Nakatsuka, Iosif Lazaridis, et al., “Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America,” Cell 175, no. 5 (2018): 1185–1197, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.027. 9. J. Victor Moreno-Mayar, Lasse Vinner, Peter de Barros Damgaard, et al., “Early Human Dispersals within the Americas,” Science 362, no. 6419 (2018): 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav2621.
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Copyright © 2022 by Jennifer Raff
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Contents Cover Title Page Copyright
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For Colin
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Land Acknowledgment Statement This
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Introduction For ten thousand years
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spring. It was clear to archaeologi
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dominated by the story of how Europ
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a tooth in Siberia, in layers of di
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understanding of the past, beginnin
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own creation/origin stories, I bala
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historic property, the cave was cal
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PART I
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terrific view of the Raccoon Creek
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construction has been dated to abou
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constructions made out of earth tha
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weren’t sophisticated enough to h
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obsessively detailed description of
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not the tombs of dead warriors, but
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maps designated many of these lands
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promoted by cable “history” sho
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or “mere wantonness,” but rathe
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“To me, [Heye] was a looter,” S
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World cephalic index map (1896), ad
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Another major implication of polyge
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Jackson). He published extensively
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Earnest Hooton of Harvard Universit
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underlying genetic variation in dif
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B2, C1b, C1c, C1d, C1d1, D1, D4h3a)
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everything from the notion that the
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more plausible that the Clovis peop
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ecovered from the Ancient One (also
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have had the opportunity to visit t
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through the debris deposited by flo
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McJunkin’s site uprooted the foun
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abandonment of a site with a prolon
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archaeology course, was completely
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present in the Americas before Clov
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coal seams near the site, or perhap
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I found out how wrong my professor
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temporal limit to the histories the
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linguistic groupings. Despite a bri
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there—note that the Page-Ladson s
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een open in time for an initial peo
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distinctive population. However, th
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of the interior route. While travel
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Ancient DNA is a more precise and r
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194,000 and 177,000 years ago, and
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oken rocks that could be mistaken f
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additional evidence consistent with
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of wildlife than credited in this h
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intense interest in the area, the e
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Gender, in anthropology, refers to
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archaeological evidence of people l
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archaeologists classified artifacts
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Dyuktai complex microblade core fro
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Mesa complex projectile point from
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several interpretations. The oldest
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end by applying pressure with a bon
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EVIDENCE FOR CHILD TOOLMAKERS? Thro
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hypothesized to have been made by a
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in interior Alaska are located just
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show us the kind of archaeological
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1. Who were the First Peoples of th
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Chapter 4 Twenty years ago I took m
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formation), because the oil from yo
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other monument was carved so that i
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homelands. Over 6 million people to
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In the last 10 to 20 years, however
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probably involved two teams passing
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supervise projects and students and
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necessary). Although it had been a
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identified as belonging to a group
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This obsessive attention to sterile
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and enzyme. The tubes would now mix
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generally lost the tiniest chains o
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two hours, the machine would cycle
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sister gets into a fight with the r
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looking good. Amplification and seq
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often impossible to complete the ge
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different points in time, detect di
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Chapter 6 All geneticists and most
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Some of populations and population
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AMHS populations inherited from oth
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Northern Siberia, 31,000 Years Ago
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uy in packs of 16 for about $4 at a
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in the 1920s, finding an encampment
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from later comparisons that the Mal
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with peat bogs and trees like spruc
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humans, not scavenging animals (13)
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ather large and geographically disp
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American dogs and present-day Arcti
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Chapter 7 Imagine a nondescript cor
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But Halligan told me that “people
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meaningful? Page-Ladson is incredib
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combination of luck and ingenuity.
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archaeologists as Anzick-1 (the two
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Peopling South America Following th
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Australasian populations had to hav
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Other archaeologists (probably most
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lands. We will discuss NAGPRA in ch
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Anne Jensen, an archaeologist who l
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of an ancient DNA laboratory 2,600
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Small Tool tradition (in Alaska, it
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Eske Willerslev at the Centre for G
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complete population replacement of
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One scenario that may explain these
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occurred as the ancestral populatio
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fine ceramics; they also crafted po
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differences observed in the archaeo
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Chapter 9 On July 28, 1996, just 24
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ancestral to all later Native Ameri
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ones. Geneticist Eske Willerslev wa
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Chaco, and they were upset that the
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identity; the suppression of langua
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It’s important that we learn thes
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confidently do detailed population
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eveal stigmatizing information. But
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archaeology to houses with crumblin
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Page 248 and 249: A memorial made of stone marks the
Page 250 and 251: A Folsom point between bison ribs
Page 252 and 253: These Clovis points were excavated
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Page 256 and 257: Archaeologist Heather Smith screens
Page 258 and 259: Archaeologist Marion Coe works at t
Page 260 and 261: Geneticist Krystal Tsosie (Diné) t
Page 262 and 263: Echo-Hawk (Pawnee), Ken Feder, Terr
Page 264 and 265: Discover Your Next Great Read Get s
Page 266 and 267: Notes A note about citations: This
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Page 270 and 271: 10. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the
Page 272 and 273: Critique of Anthropology 7, no. 2 (
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Page 276 and 277: above as well as the American Socie
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Page 280 and 281: Chapter 2 1. John F. Hoffecker, Mod
Page 282 and 283: Stafford Jr., and David L. Carlson,
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Page 286 and 287: 27. Braje, Erlandson, Rick, et al.,
Page 288 and 289: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20112
Page 290 and 291: Chapter 3 1. James E. Dixon, “Pal
Page 292 and 293: Pleistocene Archaeology: Historical
Page 296 and 297: Chapter 5 1. Quoted in Charles Peti
Page 298 and 299: Chapter 6 1. References for this se
Page 300 and 301: Exploration and Settlement of the A
Page 302 and 303: Chapter 7 1. This is an ongoing cha
Page 304 and 305: 7. Pontus Skoglund, Swapan Mallick,
Page 306 and 307: 6. References for this section incl
Page 308 and 309: Spaniards talk about the Taino of t
Page 310 and 311: Human Subjects of Research (Governm
Page 312 and 313: 30. K. G. Claw, M. Z. Anderson, R.
Page 314 and 315: Epilogue 1. Keolu Fox and John Hawk
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Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas

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