Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Two Rare mtDNA Haplogroups,” Current Biology 19, no. 1 (2009): 1– 8; Bastien Llamas, Lars Fehren-Schmitz, Guido Valverde, et al., “Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Provides High-Resolution Time Scale of the Peopling of the Americas,” Science Advances 2, no. 4, (2016), e1501385, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501385. 45. For a very thorough debunking of Graham Hancock’s book, see the November 2019 (vol. 19, no. 5) issue of the Society for American Archaeology’s Archaeological Record, especially Jason Colavito’s article “Whitewashing American Prehistory” (SAA Archaeological Record 19, no. 5 [2019]: 17–20). 46. The two most prominent proponents of the Solutrean hypothesis are the late Dennis Stanford of the Smithsonian Museum and Bruce Bradley, emeritus professor at the University of Exeter. They published the case for this theory in their 2012 book Across Atlantic Ice: The Origin of America’s Clovis Culture (University of California Press, 2012). 47. There are many archaeological rebuttals to this model, but here are two excellent sources: Lawrence Guy, David J. Meltzer, and Ted Goebel, “Ice Age Atlantis? Exploring the Solutrean-Clovis ‘Connection,’” World Archaeology 37, no. 4 (2005): 507–532, https://doi.org/10.1080/00438240500395797; Lawrence G. Straus, “Solutrean Settlement of North America? A Review of Reality,” American Antiquity 65, no. 2 (2017): 219–226, doi:10.2307/2694056. 48. Metin I. Eren, Robert J. Patten, Michael J. O’Brien, David J. Meltzer, “Refuting the Technological Cornerstone of the Ice-Age Atlantic Crossing Hypothesis,” Journal of Archaeological Science 40, no. 7 (2013): 2934–2941. 49. Eske Willerslev and David J. Meltzer, “Peopling of the Americas as Inferred from Ancient Genomes,” Nature 594, no. 7863 (2021): 356– 364, doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03499-y.). 50. For more on the L’Anse Aux Meadows site, read Paul M. Ledger, Linus Girdland-Flink, and Véronique Forbes, “New Horizons at L’Anse Aux Meadows,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 31 (2019): 15341–15343, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907986116. 51. The paper that posited the hypothesis that mitochondrial haplogroup X is genetic evidence of a Solutrean migration, and its rebuttal: Stephen Oppenheimer, Bruce Bradley, and Dennis Stanford, “Solutrean
Hypothesis: Genetics, the Mammoth in the Room,” World Archaeology 46, no. 5 (2014): 752–774, https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2014.966273; Jennifer A. Raff and Deborah A. Bolnick, “Does Mitochondrial Haplogroup X Indicate Ancient Trans-Atlantic Migration to the Americas? A Critical Reevaluation,” PaleoAmerica 1, no. 4 (2015): 297–304, https://doi.org/10.1179/2055556315Z.00000000040.
Page 6 and 7:
Copyright © 2022 by Jennifer Raff
Page 8 and 9:
Contents Cover Title Page Copyright
Page 10 and 11:
For Colin
Page 12 and 13:
Land Acknowledgment Statement This
Page 14 and 15:
Introduction For ten thousand years
Page 16 and 17:
spring. It was clear to archaeologi
Page 18 and 19:
dominated by the story of how Europ
Page 20 and 21:
a tooth in Siberia, in layers of di
Page 22 and 23:
understanding of the past, beginnin
Page 24 and 25:
own creation/origin stories, I bala
Page 26 and 27:
historic property, the cave was cal
Page 28 and 29:
PART I
Page 30 and 31:
terrific view of the Raccoon Creek
Page 32 and 33:
construction has been dated to abou
Page 34 and 35:
constructions made out of earth tha
Page 36 and 37:
weren’t sophisticated enough to h
Page 38 and 39:
obsessively detailed description of
Page 40 and 41:
not the tombs of dead warriors, but
Page 42 and 43:
maps designated many of these lands
Page 44 and 45:
promoted by cable “history” sho
Page 46 and 47:
or “mere wantonness,” but rathe
Page 48 and 49:
“To me, [Heye] was a looter,” S
Page 50 and 51:
World cephalic index map (1896), ad
Page 52 and 53:
Another major implication of polyge
Page 54 and 55:
Jackson). He published extensively
Page 56 and 57:
Earnest Hooton of Harvard Universit
Page 58 and 59:
underlying genetic variation in dif
Page 60 and 61:
B2, C1b, C1c, C1d, C1d1, D1, D4h3a)
Page 62 and 63:
everything from the notion that the
Page 64 and 65:
more plausible that the Clovis peop
Page 66 and 67:
ecovered from the Ancient One (also
Page 68 and 69:
have had the opportunity to visit t
Page 70 and 71:
through the debris deposited by flo
Page 72 and 73:
McJunkin’s site uprooted the foun
Page 74 and 75:
abandonment of a site with a prolon
Page 76 and 77:
archaeology course, was completely
Page 78 and 79:
present in the Americas before Clov
Page 80 and 81:
coal seams near the site, or perhap
Page 82 and 83:
I found out how wrong my professor
Page 84 and 85:
temporal limit to the histories the
Page 86 and 87:
linguistic groupings. Despite a bri
Page 88 and 89:
there—note that the Page-Ladson s
Page 90 and 91:
een open in time for an initial peo
Page 92 and 93:
distinctive population. However, th
Page 94 and 95:
of the interior route. While travel
Page 96 and 97:
Ancient DNA is a more precise and r
Page 98 and 99:
194,000 and 177,000 years ago, and
Page 100 and 101:
oken rocks that could be mistaken f
Page 102 and 103:
additional evidence consistent with
Page 104 and 105:
of wildlife than credited in this h
Page 106 and 107:
intense interest in the area, the e
Page 108 and 109:
Gender, in anthropology, refers to
Page 110 and 111:
archaeological evidence of people l
Page 112 and 113:
archaeologists classified artifacts
Page 114 and 115:
Dyuktai complex microblade core fro
Page 116 and 117:
Mesa complex projectile point from
Page 118 and 119:
several interpretations. The oldest
Page 120 and 121:
end by applying pressure with a bon
Page 122 and 123:
EVIDENCE FOR CHILD TOOLMAKERS? Thro
Page 124 and 125:
hypothesized to have been made by a
Page 126 and 127:
in interior Alaska are located just
Page 128 and 129:
show us the kind of archaeological
Page 130 and 131:
1. Who were the First Peoples of th
Page 132 and 133:
Chapter 4 Twenty years ago I took m
Page 134 and 135:
formation), because the oil from yo
Page 136 and 137:
other monument was carved so that i
Page 138 and 139:
homelands. Over 6 million people to
Page 140 and 141:
In the last 10 to 20 years, however
Page 142 and 143:
probably involved two teams passing
Page 144 and 145:
supervise projects and students and
Page 146 and 147:
necessary). Although it had been a
Page 148 and 149:
identified as belonging to a group
Page 150 and 151:
This obsessive attention to sterile
Page 152 and 153:
and enzyme. The tubes would now mix
Page 154 and 155:
generally lost the tiniest chains o
Page 156 and 157:
two hours, the machine would cycle
Page 158 and 159:
sister gets into a fight with the r
Page 160 and 161:
looking good. Amplification and seq
Page 162 and 163:
often impossible to complete the ge
Page 164 and 165:
different points in time, detect di
Page 166 and 167:
Chapter 6 All geneticists and most
Page 168 and 169:
Some of populations and population
Page 170 and 171:
AMHS populations inherited from oth
Page 172 and 173:
Northern Siberia, 31,000 Years Ago
Page 174 and 175:
uy in packs of 16 for about $4 at a
Page 176 and 177:
in the 1920s, finding an encampment
Page 178 and 179:
from later comparisons that the Mal
Page 180 and 181:
with peat bogs and trees like spruc
Page 182 and 183:
humans, not scavenging animals (13)
Page 184:
ather large and geographically disp
Page 187 and 188:
American dogs and present-day Arcti
Page 189 and 190:
Chapter 7 Imagine a nondescript cor
Page 191 and 192:
But Halligan told me that “people
Page 193 and 194:
meaningful? Page-Ladson is incredib
Page 195 and 196:
combination of luck and ingenuity.
Page 197 and 198:
archaeologists as Anzick-1 (the two
Page 200 and 201:
Peopling South America Following th
Page 202 and 203:
Australasian populations had to hav
Page 204 and 205:
Other archaeologists (probably most
Page 206 and 207:
lands. We will discuss NAGPRA in ch
Page 208 and 209:
Anne Jensen, an archaeologist who l
Page 210 and 211:
of an ancient DNA laboratory 2,600
Page 212 and 213:
Small Tool tradition (in Alaska, it
Page 214 and 215:
Eske Willerslev at the Centre for G
Page 216 and 217:
complete population replacement of
Page 218 and 219:
One scenario that may explain these
Page 220 and 221:
occurred as the ancestral populatio
Page 222 and 223:
fine ceramics; they also crafted po
Page 224 and 225:
differences observed in the archaeo
Page 226 and 227:
Chapter 9 On July 28, 1996, just 24
Page 228 and 229: ancestral to all later Native Ameri
Page 230 and 231: ones. Geneticist Eske Willerslev wa
Page 232 and 233: Chaco, and they were upset that the
Page 234 and 235: identity; the suppression of langua
Page 236 and 237: It’s important that we learn thes
Page 238 and 239: confidently do detailed population
Page 240 and 241: eveal stigmatizing information. But
Page 242 and 243: archaeology to houses with crumblin
Page 244 and 245: history. The movement out of Bering
Page 246 and 247: emphasis of the early Alaskan archa
Page 248 and 249: A memorial made of stone marks the
Page 250 and 251: A Folsom point between bison ribs
Page 252 and 253: These Clovis points were excavated
Page 254 and 255: An archaeologist excavates under wa
Page 256 and 257: Archaeologist Heather Smith screens
Page 258 and 259: Archaeologist Marion Coe works at t
Page 260 and 261: Geneticist Krystal Tsosie (Diné) t
Page 262 and 263: Echo-Hawk (Pawnee), Ken Feder, Terr
Page 264 and 265: Discover Your Next Great Read Get s
Page 266 and 267: Notes A note about citations: This
Page 268 and 269: 8. I think this requires a bit more
Page 270 and 271: 10. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the
Page 272 and 273: Critique of Anthropology 7, no. 2 (
Page 274 and 275: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24208.
Page 276 and 277: above as well as the American Socie
Page 280 and 281: Chapter 2 1. John F. Hoffecker, Mod
Page 282 and 283: Stafford Jr., and David L. Carlson,
Page 284 and 285: Southern Chile,” American Antiqui
Page 286 and 287: 27. Braje, Erlandson, Rick, et al.,
Page 288 and 289: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20112
Page 290 and 291: Chapter 3 1. James E. Dixon, “Pal
Page 292 and 293: Pleistocene Archaeology: Historical
Page 294 and 295: Chapter 4 1. My family and our club
Page 296 and 297: Chapter 5 1. Quoted in Charles Peti
Page 298 and 299: Chapter 6 1. References for this se
Page 300 and 301: Exploration and Settlement of the A
Page 302 and 303: Chapter 7 1. This is an ongoing cha
Page 304 and 305: 7. Pontus Skoglund, Swapan Mallick,
Page 306 and 307: 6. References for this section incl
Page 308 and 309: Spaniards talk about the Taino of t
Page 310 and 311: Human Subjects of Research (Governm
Page 312 and 313: 30. K. G. Claw, M. Z. Anderson, R.
Page 314 and 315: Epilogue 1. Keolu Fox and John Hawk
show all

Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?