Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas

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Geneticist Krystal Tsosie (Diné) teaches DNA extraction methods at the Summer Internship for INdigenous Peoples in Genomics (SING). One of SING’s primary aims is to increase Indigenous peoples’ participation in scientific research, integrating their own cultural values with genetics.
Acknowledgments Many people contributed their time and expertise to the formation of this book. I am indebted first and foremost to the people who taught me how to think scientifically, how to work in the laboratory, how to synthesize different kinds of data, and the importance of viewing the past through different lenses, including Beth and Rudy Raff, José Bonner, Bill Saxton, Rika Kaestle, Geoff Hayes, Deborah Bolnick, and Joane Nagel. A special thanks to Dennis O’Rourke, my first postdoctoral mentor and now my colleague and chair: any professional success I have is because of your boundless generosity and good-humored leadership. My colleagues at the University of Kansas Department of Anthropology have encouraged and sustained me throughout the writing process. I particularly want to thank Rolfe Mandel, Ivana Radovanović, Fred Sellet, and John Hoopes, who gave me feedback on various aspects of this work. Members of the Raff/O’Rourke labs made this work possible. Lauren Norman, Justin Tackney, and Kristie Beaty shared their expertise in genetics and archaeology and have supported me throughout the process in countless ways. Savannah Hay formatted my references. Caroline Kisielinski turned my clumsy PowerPoint figures into artwork. Other members of the lab read and commented on drafts; I am grateful to each and every one of them (particularly the graduate students). My colleagues have been extraordinarily generous with their expertise: influencing me with their academic and/or public scholarship, reading and commenting on drafts, contributing images, chatting with me about their ideas, helping me make my writing more sensitive and accurate, and answering my questions. In particular, I’d like to thank Jim Adovasio, Matt Anderson (Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians descent), Jaime Awe, Alyssa Bader (Tsimshian), Jessi Bardill, Rene Begay (Diné), Joan Burke-Kelly, Joe Brewer, Katrina Claw (Diné), Della Cook, Yan Axel Gómez Coutouly, Carlina de la Cova, Michael Crawford, Lee Dugatkin, Ana Duggan, Roger
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Copyright © 2022 by Jennifer Raff
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Contents Cover Title Page Copyright
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For Colin
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Land Acknowledgment Statement This
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Introduction For ten thousand years
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spring. It was clear to archaeologi
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dominated by the story of how Europ
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a tooth in Siberia, in layers of di
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understanding of the past, beginnin
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own creation/origin stories, I bala
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historic property, the cave was cal
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PART I
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terrific view of the Raccoon Creek
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construction has been dated to abou
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constructions made out of earth tha
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weren’t sophisticated enough to h
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obsessively detailed description of
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not the tombs of dead warriors, but
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maps designated many of these lands
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promoted by cable “history” sho
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or “mere wantonness,” but rathe
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“To me, [Heye] was a looter,” S
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World cephalic index map (1896), ad
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Another major implication of polyge
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Jackson). He published extensively
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Earnest Hooton of Harvard Universit
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underlying genetic variation in dif
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B2, C1b, C1c, C1d, C1d1, D1, D4h3a)
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everything from the notion that the
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more plausible that the Clovis peop
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ecovered from the Ancient One (also
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have had the opportunity to visit t
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through the debris deposited by flo
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McJunkin’s site uprooted the foun
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abandonment of a site with a prolon
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archaeology course, was completely
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present in the Americas before Clov
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coal seams near the site, or perhap
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I found out how wrong my professor
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temporal limit to the histories the
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linguistic groupings. Despite a bri
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there—note that the Page-Ladson s
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een open in time for an initial peo
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distinctive population. However, th
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of the interior route. While travel
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Ancient DNA is a more precise and r
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194,000 and 177,000 years ago, and
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oken rocks that could be mistaken f
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additional evidence consistent with
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of wildlife than credited in this h
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intense interest in the area, the e
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Gender, in anthropology, refers to
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archaeological evidence of people l
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archaeologists classified artifacts
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Dyuktai complex microblade core fro
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Mesa complex projectile point from
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several interpretations. The oldest
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end by applying pressure with a bon
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EVIDENCE FOR CHILD TOOLMAKERS? Thro
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hypothesized to have been made by a
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in interior Alaska are located just
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show us the kind of archaeological
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1. Who were the First Peoples of th
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Chapter 4 Twenty years ago I took m
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formation), because the oil from yo
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other monument was carved so that i
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homelands. Over 6 million people to
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In the last 10 to 20 years, however
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probably involved two teams passing
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supervise projects and students and
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necessary). Although it had been a
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identified as belonging to a group
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This obsessive attention to sterile
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and enzyme. The tubes would now mix
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generally lost the tiniest chains o
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two hours, the machine would cycle
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sister gets into a fight with the r
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looking good. Amplification and seq
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often impossible to complete the ge
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different points in time, detect di
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Chapter 6 All geneticists and most
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Some of populations and population
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AMHS populations inherited from oth
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Northern Siberia, 31,000 Years Ago
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uy in packs of 16 for about $4 at a
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in the 1920s, finding an encampment
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from later comparisons that the Mal
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with peat bogs and trees like spruc
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humans, not scavenging animals (13)
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ather large and geographically disp
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American dogs and present-day Arcti
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Chapter 7 Imagine a nondescript cor
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But Halligan told me that “people
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meaningful? Page-Ladson is incredib
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combination of luck and ingenuity.
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archaeologists as Anzick-1 (the two
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Peopling South America Following th
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Australasian populations had to hav
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Other archaeologists (probably most
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lands. We will discuss NAGPRA in ch
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Anne Jensen, an archaeologist who l
Page 210 and 211: of an ancient DNA laboratory 2,600
Page 212 and 213: Small Tool tradition (in Alaska, it
Page 214 and 215: Eske Willerslev at the Centre for G
Page 216 and 217: complete population replacement of
Page 218 and 219: One scenario that may explain these
Page 220 and 221: occurred as the ancestral populatio
Page 222 and 223: fine ceramics; they also crafted po
Page 224 and 225: differences observed in the archaeo
Page 226 and 227: Chapter 9 On July 28, 1996, just 24
Page 228 and 229: ancestral to all later Native Ameri
Page 230 and 231: ones. Geneticist Eske Willerslev wa
Page 232 and 233: Chaco, and they were upset that the
Page 234 and 235: identity; the suppression of langua
Page 236 and 237: It’s important that we learn thes
Page 238 and 239: confidently do detailed population
Page 240 and 241: eveal stigmatizing information. But
Page 242 and 243: archaeology to houses with crumblin
Page 244 and 245: history. The movement out of Bering
Page 246 and 247: emphasis of the early Alaskan archa
Page 248 and 249: A memorial made of stone marks the
Page 250 and 251: A Folsom point between bison ribs
Page 252 and 253: These Clovis points were excavated
Page 254 and 255: An archaeologist excavates under wa
Page 256 and 257: Archaeologist Heather Smith screens
Page 258 and 259: Archaeologist Marion Coe works at t
Page 262 and 263: Echo-Hawk (Pawnee), Ken Feder, Terr
Page 264 and 265: Discover Your Next Great Read Get s
Page 266 and 267: Notes A note about citations: This
Page 268 and 269: 8. I think this requires a bit more
Page 270 and 271: 10. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the
Page 272 and 273: Critique of Anthropology 7, no. 2 (
Page 274 and 275: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24208.
Page 276 and 277: above as well as the American Socie
Page 278 and 279: Two Rare mtDNA Haplogroups,” Curr
Page 280 and 281: Chapter 2 1. John F. Hoffecker, Mod
Page 282 and 283: Stafford Jr., and David L. Carlson,
Page 284 and 285: Southern Chile,” American Antiqui
Page 286 and 287: 27. Braje, Erlandson, Rick, et al.,
Page 288 and 289: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20112
Page 290 and 291: Chapter 3 1. James E. Dixon, “Pal
Page 292 and 293: Pleistocene Archaeology: Historical
Page 294 and 295: Chapter 4 1. My family and our club
Page 296 and 297: Chapter 5 1. Quoted in Charles Peti
Page 298 and 299: Chapter 6 1. References for this se
Page 300 and 301: Exploration and Settlement of the A
Page 302 and 303: Chapter 7 1. This is an ongoing cha
Page 304 and 305: 7. Pontus Skoglund, Swapan Mallick,
Page 306 and 307: 6. References for this section incl
Page 308 and 309: Spaniards talk about the Taino of t
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Human Subjects of Research (Governm
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30. K. G. Claw, M. Z. Anderson, R.
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Epilogue 1. Keolu Fox and John Hawk
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Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas

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