Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas

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Buttermilk Creek in central Texas take the perspective that there was a pre- Clovis presence of people in the Americas as early as 16,000 years ago, certainly by 15,000 years ago, and possibly as early as 20,000–30,000 years ago. The genetic story presented in this chapter is interpreted according to this model. However, archaeologists (and some geneticists) who do not accept these sites as valid or as traces of the early ancestors of Native Americans i will take issue with the model I present in this chapter. Their interpretation, which we examined in chapter 3, hinges on Swan Point and later (~14,000 years before present) sites in interior Alaska that show distinct cultural linkages to Siberia and suggest a much later origin of peoples in the Americas. People who prioritize traditional knowledge (including histories that have been in existence for hundreds, if not thousands, of years) may find points of agreement between the genetics histories and their own, or they may find complete incompatibility between these knowledge systems. I am skeptical that we will ever come to a perfect agreement among all people curious about the peopling of the Americas, but then again, I don’t think that such unity is required in order for us to appreciate the past. The forest of history is healthier and more beautiful for having many different kinds of trees. About 17,000 Years Ago, the Western Coast of Alaska As the ice sheets began to melt, the First Peoples expanded southward. This expansion left very clear imprints in the genomes of their descendants. Mitochondrial lineages show us that after the LGM, people were suddenly and rapidly spreading out, and their populations were growing enormously—about 60-fold between about 16,000 and 13,000 years ago (3). This population explosion is exactly what we expect to see in the genetic record when people move into new territories, where resources are far less limited, there is no competition from other people, and the game animals have no natural fear of humans, having never seen them before. The story this rather dry genetic evidence reveals is breathtaking when you stop to think about it: a small group of people survived one of the deadliest climate episodes in all of human evolutionary history through a
combination of luck and ingenuity. They established themselves in a homeland, from which their descendants—hoping to make a new and better life for themselves—ventured out to explore. These descendants found new lands beyond their wildest expectations, entire continents (possibly) devoid of people, lands to which they quickly adapted and developed deep ties. These ties persisted through millennia into the present day and have not been severed despite climatic challenges and the brutality of colonialism, occupation, and genocide. But it was the nuclear genome from a small child—who himself did not have any descendants—that gave us the greatest insight into this process. MITOCHONDRIAL MODELS OF DISPERSAL Before whole genomes were accessible to give us the details discussed in this chapter, different models for dispersal out of Beringia were proposed based only on mitochondrial DNA. The very earliest studies proposed that each mitochondrial haplogroup—A, B, C, D, and X—migrated separately into the Americas. That was quickly debunked when it was demonstrated that all five haplogroups had (roughly) similar coalescence dates and were present in ancient populations. Other models proposed a single migration, or three waves of migration (as we discussed in evaluating Greenberg’s threewave model). One model suggested that a migration down the Pacific coast brought people belonging to lineages from haplogroups A, B, C, and D between around 20,000 and 15,000 years ago, and a later migration (containing people belonging to haplogroup X) followed down the ice-free corridor once it was available. Another supporting piece of data for the dual migration model rested upon the geographic distribution of two rare mitochondrial DNA lineages, D4h3a and X2a, which were seen in Pacific coastal regions and northeastern North America, respectively. The finding of a basal X2a lineage in the 8,000- year-old Ancient One/Kennewick Man from Washington seriously undermined this model (4).
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Copyright © 2022 by Jennifer Raff
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Contents Cover Title Page Copyright
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For Colin
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Land Acknowledgment Statement This
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Introduction For ten thousand years
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spring. It was clear to archaeologi
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dominated by the story of how Europ
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a tooth in Siberia, in layers of di
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understanding of the past, beginnin
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own creation/origin stories, I bala
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historic property, the cave was cal
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PART I
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terrific view of the Raccoon Creek
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construction has been dated to abou
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constructions made out of earth tha
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weren’t sophisticated enough to h
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obsessively detailed description of
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not the tombs of dead warriors, but
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maps designated many of these lands
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promoted by cable “history” sho
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or “mere wantonness,” but rathe
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“To me, [Heye] was a looter,” S
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World cephalic index map (1896), ad
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Another major implication of polyge
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Jackson). He published extensively
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Earnest Hooton of Harvard Universit
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underlying genetic variation in dif
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B2, C1b, C1c, C1d, C1d1, D1, D4h3a)
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everything from the notion that the
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more plausible that the Clovis peop
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ecovered from the Ancient One (also
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have had the opportunity to visit t
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through the debris deposited by flo
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McJunkin’s site uprooted the foun
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abandonment of a site with a prolon
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archaeology course, was completely
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present in the Americas before Clov
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coal seams near the site, or perhap
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I found out how wrong my professor
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temporal limit to the histories the
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linguistic groupings. Despite a bri
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there—note that the Page-Ladson s
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een open in time for an initial peo
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distinctive population. However, th
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of the interior route. While travel
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Ancient DNA is a more precise and r
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194,000 and 177,000 years ago, and
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oken rocks that could be mistaken f
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additional evidence consistent with
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of wildlife than credited in this h
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intense interest in the area, the e
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Gender, in anthropology, refers to
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archaeological evidence of people l
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archaeologists classified artifacts
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Dyuktai complex microblade core fro
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Mesa complex projectile point from
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several interpretations. The oldest
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end by applying pressure with a bon
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EVIDENCE FOR CHILD TOOLMAKERS? Thro
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hypothesized to have been made by a
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in interior Alaska are located just
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show us the kind of archaeological
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1. Who were the First Peoples of th
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Chapter 4 Twenty years ago I took m
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formation), because the oil from yo
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other monument was carved so that i
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homelands. Over 6 million people to
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In the last 10 to 20 years, however
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probably involved two teams passing
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Page 146 and 147: necessary). Although it had been a
Page 148 and 149: identified as belonging to a group
Page 150 and 151: This obsessive attention to sterile
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Page 156 and 157: two hours, the machine would cycle
Page 158 and 159: sister gets into a fight with the r
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Page 164 and 165: different points in time, detect di
Page 166 and 167: Chapter 6 All geneticists and most
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Page 170 and 171: AMHS populations inherited from oth
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Page 178 and 179: from later comparisons that the Mal
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Page 184: ather large and geographically disp
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Page 189 and 190: Chapter 7 Imagine a nondescript cor
Page 191 and 192: But Halligan told me that “people
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Page 206 and 207: lands. We will discuss NAGPRA in ch
Page 208 and 209: Anne Jensen, an archaeologist who l
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Page 214 and 215: Eske Willerslev at the Centre for G
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Page 220 and 221: occurred as the ancestral populatio
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Page 226 and 227: Chapter 9 On July 28, 1996, just 24
Page 228 and 229: ancestral to all later Native Ameri
Page 230 and 231: ones. Geneticist Eske Willerslev wa
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Page 234 and 235: identity; the suppression of langua
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Page 238 and 239: confidently do detailed population
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history. The movement out of Bering
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emphasis of the early Alaskan archa
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A memorial made of stone marks the
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A Folsom point between bison ribs
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These Clovis points were excavated
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An archaeologist excavates under wa
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Archaeologist Heather Smith screens
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Archaeologist Marion Coe works at t
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Geneticist Krystal Tsosie (Diné) t
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Echo-Hawk (Pawnee), Ken Feder, Terr
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Discover Your Next Great Read Get s
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Notes A note about citations: This
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8. I think this requires a bit more
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10. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the
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Critique of Anthropology 7, no. 2 (
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https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24208.
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above as well as the American Socie
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Two Rare mtDNA Haplogroups,” Curr
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Chapter 2 1. John F. Hoffecker, Mod
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Stafford Jr., and David L. Carlson,
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Southern Chile,” American Antiqui
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27. Braje, Erlandson, Rick, et al.,
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https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20112
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Chapter 3 1. James E. Dixon, “Pal
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Pleistocene Archaeology: Historical
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Chapter 4 1. My family and our club
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Chapter 5 1. Quoted in Charles Peti
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Chapter 6 1. References for this se
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Exploration and Settlement of the A
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Chapter 7 1. This is an ongoing cha
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7. Pontus Skoglund, Swapan Mallick,
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6. References for this section incl
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Spaniards talk about the Taino of t
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Human Subjects of Research (Governm
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30. K. G. Claw, M. Z. Anderson, R.
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Epilogue 1. Keolu Fox and John Hawk
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Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas

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