Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas

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in the 1920s, finding an encampment of subterranean houses with bone walls and roofs made from reindeer antlers, which at the time would have been covered by animal skins. Archaeologists have found an astonishing variety of objects at the Mal’ta site, including stone tools, bone projectile points, needles, awls, jewelry, and artworks distinctive to Upper Paleolithic peoples across Eurasia, including so-called Venus figurines—the statue representations of women with exaggerated breasts, legs, and buttocks. The diversity of objects suggests that the people living at Mal’ta were either staying there for extended periods of time or revisiting it regularly; if it were a short-term logistical place like a hunting camp or a workshop, one would expect to see a much more limited range of objects (6). “The people camped out on the site were the last of the group in the region before the Last Glacial Maximum, the Ice Age,” Kelly Graf, a professor at Texas A&M and faculty member in the Center for the Study of First Americans, told me. “They would have been noticing the climate getting colder and dryer.” Graf has been fascinated by the puzzle of where the peoples of Siberia moved to during the LGM and particularly where the ancestors of Native Americans may have come from. The archaeological record of Siberia during the LGM just… stops. There’s no evidence of people anywhere from about 20,000 years ago to about 15,000 years ago, when the climate began to warm again. It looks like people throughout Siberia migrated to warmer regions. Or they all died.
A Venus figurine from Mal’ta. Like other Siberian Venus figurines, this one shows evidence for a hood and other warm clothing (Venus figurines in Europe are usually naked). Graf and other researchers at the Center for the Study of First Americans had been working on a project with geneticist Eske Willerslev to sequence the genome of the oldest known remains in North America—which we will talk about in the next chapter—when Graf brought up the possibility of trying to get DNA from the Mal’ta children. Having worked extensively in Siberia, she told him about the pre-LGM site and arranged for him to get access to the remains at the Hermitage State Museum in St. Petersburg. In 2014, a team assembled by Graf and Willerslev and led by Maanasa Raghavan published an analysis of MA-1’s complete genome. We know
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Copyright © 2022 by Jennifer Raff
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Contents Cover Title Page Copyright
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For Colin
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Land Acknowledgment Statement This
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Introduction For ten thousand years
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spring. It was clear to archaeologi
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dominated by the story of how Europ
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a tooth in Siberia, in layers of di
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understanding of the past, beginnin
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own creation/origin stories, I bala
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historic property, the cave was cal
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PART I
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terrific view of the Raccoon Creek
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construction has been dated to abou
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constructions made out of earth tha
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weren’t sophisticated enough to h
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obsessively detailed description of
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not the tombs of dead warriors, but
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maps designated many of these lands
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promoted by cable “history” sho
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or “mere wantonness,” but rathe
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“To me, [Heye] was a looter,” S
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World cephalic index map (1896), ad
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Another major implication of polyge
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Jackson). He published extensively
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Earnest Hooton of Harvard Universit
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underlying genetic variation in dif
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B2, C1b, C1c, C1d, C1d1, D1, D4h3a)
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everything from the notion that the
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more plausible that the Clovis peop
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ecovered from the Ancient One (also
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have had the opportunity to visit t
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through the debris deposited by flo
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McJunkin’s site uprooted the foun
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abandonment of a site with a prolon
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archaeology course, was completely
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present in the Americas before Clov
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coal seams near the site, or perhap
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I found out how wrong my professor
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temporal limit to the histories the
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linguistic groupings. Despite a bri
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there—note that the Page-Ladson s
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een open in time for an initial peo
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distinctive population. However, th
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of the interior route. While travel
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Ancient DNA is a more precise and r
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194,000 and 177,000 years ago, and
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oken rocks that could be mistaken f
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additional evidence consistent with
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of wildlife than credited in this h
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intense interest in the area, the e
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Gender, in anthropology, refers to
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archaeological evidence of people l
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archaeologists classified artifacts
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Dyuktai complex microblade core fro
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Mesa complex projectile point from
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several interpretations. The oldest
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end by applying pressure with a bon
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EVIDENCE FOR CHILD TOOLMAKERS? Thro
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hypothesized to have been made by a
Page 126 and 127: in interior Alaska are located just
Page 128 and 129: show us the kind of archaeological
Page 130 and 131: 1. Who were the First Peoples of th
Page 132 and 133: Chapter 4 Twenty years ago I took m
Page 134 and 135: formation), because the oil from yo
Page 136 and 137: other monument was carved so that i
Page 138 and 139: homelands. Over 6 million people to
Page 140 and 141: In the last 10 to 20 years, however
Page 142 and 143: probably involved two teams passing
Page 144 and 145: supervise projects and students and
Page 146 and 147: necessary). Although it had been a
Page 148 and 149: identified as belonging to a group
Page 150 and 151: This obsessive attention to sterile
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Page 154 and 155: generally lost the tiniest chains o
Page 156 and 157: two hours, the machine would cycle
Page 158 and 159: sister gets into a fight with the r
Page 160 and 161: looking good. Amplification and seq
Page 162 and 163: often impossible to complete the ge
Page 164 and 165: different points in time, detect di
Page 166 and 167: Chapter 6 All geneticists and most
Page 168 and 169: Some of populations and population
Page 170 and 171: AMHS populations inherited from oth
Page 172 and 173: Northern Siberia, 31,000 Years Ago
Page 174 and 175: uy in packs of 16 for about $4 at a
Page 178 and 179: from later comparisons that the Mal
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Page 184: ather large and geographically disp
Page 187 and 188: American dogs and present-day Arcti
Page 189 and 190: Chapter 7 Imagine a nondescript cor
Page 191 and 192: But Halligan told me that “people
Page 193 and 194: meaningful? Page-Ladson is incredib
Page 195 and 196: combination of luck and ingenuity.
Page 197 and 198: archaeologists as Anzick-1 (the two
Page 200 and 201: Peopling South America Following th
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Page 204 and 205: Other archaeologists (probably most
Page 206 and 207: lands. We will discuss NAGPRA in ch
Page 208 and 209: Anne Jensen, an archaeologist who l
Page 210 and 211: of an ancient DNA laboratory 2,600
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Page 214 and 215: Eske Willerslev at the Centre for G
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Page 218 and 219: One scenario that may explain these
Page 220 and 221: occurred as the ancestral populatio
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Page 224 and 225: differences observed in the archaeo
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Chapter 9 On July 28, 1996, just 24
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ancestral to all later Native Ameri
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ones. Geneticist Eske Willerslev wa
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Chaco, and they were upset that the
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identity; the suppression of langua
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It’s important that we learn thes
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confidently do detailed population
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eveal stigmatizing information. But
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archaeology to houses with crumblin
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history. The movement out of Bering
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emphasis of the early Alaskan archa
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A memorial made of stone marks the
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A Folsom point between bison ribs
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These Clovis points were excavated
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An archaeologist excavates under wa
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Archaeologist Heather Smith screens
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Archaeologist Marion Coe works at t
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Geneticist Krystal Tsosie (Diné) t
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Echo-Hawk (Pawnee), Ken Feder, Terr
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Discover Your Next Great Read Get s
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Notes A note about citations: This
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8. I think this requires a bit more
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10. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the
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Critique of Anthropology 7, no. 2 (
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https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24208.
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above as well as the American Socie
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Two Rare mtDNA Haplogroups,” Curr
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Chapter 2 1. John F. Hoffecker, Mod
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Stafford Jr., and David L. Carlson,
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Southern Chile,” American Antiqui
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27. Braje, Erlandson, Rick, et al.,
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https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20112
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Chapter 3 1. James E. Dixon, “Pal
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Pleistocene Archaeology: Historical
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Chapter 4 1. My family and our club
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Chapter 5 1. Quoted in Charles Peti
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Chapter 6 1. References for this se
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Exploration and Settlement of the A
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Chapter 7 1. This is an ongoing cha
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7. Pontus Skoglund, Swapan Mallick,
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6. References for this section incl
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Spaniards talk about the Taino of t
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Human Subjects of Research (Governm
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30. K. G. Claw, M. Z. Anderson, R.
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Epilogue 1. Keolu Fox and John Hawk
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Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas

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