Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas

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probably involved two teams passing a rubber ball back and forth in a manner similar to volleyball except using their hips. The game had ritualistic meanings; in the ancient Maya belief system it was played between the Hero Twins and the Lords of Xibalba (the Underworld) in a struggle between life and death. Beginning around the Classic period, human sacrifice—possibly of the losing team—became associated with the ballgame at some sites.
Chapter 5 For an Indian, it is not just DNA, it’s part of a person, it is sacred, with deep religious significance. It is part of the essence of a person (1). —Hopi geneticist Frank Dukepoo The elevator ride down to the basement of Fraser Hall was excruciatingly slow, and once the doors opened, I was immediately hit by the eyewatering odor familiar to all ancient DNA labs: bleach. The smell intensified as I walked down the windowless, dimly lit hallway to an unassuming metal door, only made interesting by its thickness and the sign reading WARNING: KEEP OUT! AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY! When I swiped my ID card, a green light flashed, indicating that I was authorized, and the door unlocked. As I turned the handle and pushed hard against the metal door, a fresh wave of cold, bleach-scented air blew my hair back and wafted out into the empty corridor. Just inside the door was a white mat. I carefully stepped onto it, transferring the dirt from my shoes to its sticky surface. This white mat, which was already slightly spotted with the impressions of several other sets of footprints—most pointing forward into the chambers beyond, but a few pointing outward—marks the first step in series of rituals starting from the basement hallway of Fraser Hall to the place where ancient DNA is extracted and cataloged. None of my own footprints from past visits to the lab were on the sticky mat, whose surface is actually covered with replaceable gummy plastic sheets that are changed when the surface gets too dirty. As one of the two principal investigators (PIs) in our lab group at the University of Kansas, I rarely get to work in the ancient DNA lab anymore; our jobs are to
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Copyright © 2022 by Jennifer Raff
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Contents Cover Title Page Copyright
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For Colin
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Land Acknowledgment Statement This
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Introduction For ten thousand years
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spring. It was clear to archaeologi
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dominated by the story of how Europ
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a tooth in Siberia, in layers of di
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understanding of the past, beginnin
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own creation/origin stories, I bala
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historic property, the cave was cal
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PART I
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terrific view of the Raccoon Creek
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construction has been dated to abou
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constructions made out of earth tha
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weren’t sophisticated enough to h
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obsessively detailed description of
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not the tombs of dead warriors, but
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maps designated many of these lands
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promoted by cable “history” sho
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or “mere wantonness,” but rathe
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“To me, [Heye] was a looter,” S
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World cephalic index map (1896), ad
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Another major implication of polyge
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Jackson). He published extensively
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Earnest Hooton of Harvard Universit
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underlying genetic variation in dif
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B2, C1b, C1c, C1d, C1d1, D1, D4h3a)
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everything from the notion that the
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more plausible that the Clovis peop
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ecovered from the Ancient One (also
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have had the opportunity to visit t
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through the debris deposited by flo
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McJunkin’s site uprooted the foun
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abandonment of a site with a prolon
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archaeology course, was completely
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present in the Americas before Clov
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coal seams near the site, or perhap
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I found out how wrong my professor
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temporal limit to the histories the
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linguistic groupings. Despite a bri
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there—note that the Page-Ladson s
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een open in time for an initial peo
Page 92 and 93: distinctive population. However, th
Page 94 and 95: of the interior route. While travel
Page 96 and 97: Ancient DNA is a more precise and r
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Page 100 and 101: oken rocks that could be mistaken f
Page 102 and 103: additional evidence consistent with
Page 104 and 105: of wildlife than credited in this h
Page 106 and 107: intense interest in the area, the e
Page 108 and 109: Gender, in anthropology, refers to
Page 110 and 111: archaeological evidence of people l
Page 112 and 113: archaeologists classified artifacts
Page 114 and 115: Dyuktai complex microblade core fro
Page 116 and 117: Mesa complex projectile point from
Page 118 and 119: several interpretations. The oldest
Page 120 and 121: end by applying pressure with a bon
Page 122 and 123: EVIDENCE FOR CHILD TOOLMAKERS? Thro
Page 124 and 125: hypothesized to have been made by a
Page 126 and 127: in interior Alaska are located just
Page 128 and 129: show us the kind of archaeological
Page 130 and 131: 1. Who were the First Peoples of th
Page 132 and 133: Chapter 4 Twenty years ago I took m
Page 134 and 135: formation), because the oil from yo
Page 136 and 137: other monument was carved so that i
Page 138 and 139: homelands. Over 6 million people to
Page 140 and 141: In the last 10 to 20 years, however
Page 144 and 145: supervise projects and students and
Page 146 and 147: necessary). Although it had been a
Page 148 and 149: identified as belonging to a group
Page 150 and 151: This obsessive attention to sterile
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Page 154 and 155: generally lost the tiniest chains o
Page 156 and 157: two hours, the machine would cycle
Page 158 and 159: sister gets into a fight with the r
Page 160 and 161: looking good. Amplification and seq
Page 162 and 163: often impossible to complete the ge
Page 164 and 165: different points in time, detect di
Page 166 and 167: Chapter 6 All geneticists and most
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Page 170 and 171: AMHS populations inherited from oth
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Page 174 and 175: uy in packs of 16 for about $4 at a
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Page 178 and 179: from later comparisons that the Mal
Page 180 and 181: with peat bogs and trees like spruc
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Page 184: ather large and geographically disp
Page 187 and 188: American dogs and present-day Arcti
Page 189 and 190: Chapter 7 Imagine a nondescript cor
Page 191 and 192: But Halligan told me that “people
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meaningful? Page-Ladson is incredib
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combination of luck and ingenuity.
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archaeologists as Anzick-1 (the two
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Peopling South America Following th
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Australasian populations had to hav
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Other archaeologists (probably most
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lands. We will discuss NAGPRA in ch
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Anne Jensen, an archaeologist who l
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of an ancient DNA laboratory 2,600
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Small Tool tradition (in Alaska, it
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Eske Willerslev at the Centre for G
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complete population replacement of
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One scenario that may explain these
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occurred as the ancestral populatio
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fine ceramics; they also crafted po
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differences observed in the archaeo
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Chapter 9 On July 28, 1996, just 24
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ancestral to all later Native Ameri
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ones. Geneticist Eske Willerslev wa
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Chaco, and they were upset that the
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identity; the suppression of langua
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It’s important that we learn thes
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confidently do detailed population
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eveal stigmatizing information. But
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archaeology to houses with crumblin
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history. The movement out of Bering
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emphasis of the early Alaskan archa
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A memorial made of stone marks the
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A Folsom point between bison ribs
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These Clovis points were excavated
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An archaeologist excavates under wa
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Archaeologist Heather Smith screens
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Archaeologist Marion Coe works at t
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Geneticist Krystal Tsosie (Diné) t
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Echo-Hawk (Pawnee), Ken Feder, Terr
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Discover Your Next Great Read Get s
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Notes A note about citations: This
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8. I think this requires a bit more
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10. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the
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Critique of Anthropology 7, no. 2 (
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https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24208.
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above as well as the American Socie
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Two Rare mtDNA Haplogroups,” Curr
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Chapter 2 1. John F. Hoffecker, Mod
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Stafford Jr., and David L. Carlson,
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Southern Chile,” American Antiqui
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27. Braje, Erlandson, Rick, et al.,
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https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20112
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Chapter 3 1. James E. Dixon, “Pal
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Pleistocene Archaeology: Historical
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Chapter 4 1. My family and our club
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Chapter 5 1. Quoted in Charles Peti
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Chapter 6 1. References for this se
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Exploration and Settlement of the A
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Chapter 7 1. This is an ongoing cha
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7. Pontus Skoglund, Swapan Mallick,
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6. References for this section incl
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Spaniards talk about the Taino of t
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Human Subjects of Research (Governm
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30. K. G. Claw, M. Z. Anderson, R.
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Epilogue 1. Keolu Fox and John Hawk
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Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas

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