Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas

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Land Acknowledgment Statement This book was written on land taken from the Kaw (Kansa), Osage, and Shawnee nations. Many tribes were forced into and out of Kansas prior to statehood. Today the State of Kansas is home to the Prairie Band Potowatomi Nation, the Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas, the Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska, and the Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska. Because Lawrence, Kansas, is the location of Haskell Indian Nations University (formerly the United States Indian Industrial Training School, which opened in 1884), many American Indian and Alaska Native people from across the United States have ties to the region.
Summer Solstice In our retellings I suppose we don’t much bother Keeping straight the bent details, crooked roads In one tale after another, how we handed down Sidelong versions of whatever happened next Under ebbing oceans an ancient underground Somewhere in the receding past they kept saying Their slippery sense of community mattered, it Shaped them, their history, the story they filled Themselves with every day, waking their minds Connecting to the history of memory as if it all Felt real, seemed specific enough, logical enough Those changing details that give rise to the world In our retellings of the tale along a crooked road —Roger Echo-Hawk (Pawnee historian)
Page 6 and 7: Copyright © 2022 by Jennifer Raff
Page 8 and 9: Contents Cover Title Page Copyright
Page 10 and 11: For Colin
Page 14 and 15: Introduction For ten thousand years
Page 16 and 17: spring. It was clear to archaeologi
Page 18 and 19: dominated by the story of how Europ
Page 20 and 21: a tooth in Siberia, in layers of di
Page 22 and 23: understanding of the past, beginnin
Page 24 and 25: own creation/origin stories, I bala
Page 26 and 27: historic property, the cave was cal
Page 28 and 29: PART I
Page 30 and 31: terrific view of the Raccoon Creek
Page 32 and 33: construction has been dated to abou
Page 34 and 35: constructions made out of earth tha
Page 36 and 37: weren’t sophisticated enough to h
Page 38 and 39: obsessively detailed description of
Page 40 and 41: not the tombs of dead warriors, but
Page 42 and 43: maps designated many of these lands
Page 44 and 45: promoted by cable “history” sho
Page 46 and 47: or “mere wantonness,” but rathe
Page 48 and 49: “To me, [Heye] was a looter,” S
Page 50 and 51: World cephalic index map (1896), ad
Page 52 and 53: Another major implication of polyge
Page 54 and 55: Jackson). He published extensively
Page 56 and 57: Earnest Hooton of Harvard Universit
Page 58 and 59: underlying genetic variation in dif
Page 60 and 61: B2, C1b, C1c, C1d, C1d1, D1, D4h3a)
Page 62 and 63:
everything from the notion that the
Page 64 and 65:
more plausible that the Clovis peop
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ecovered from the Ancient One (also
Page 68 and 69:
have had the opportunity to visit t
Page 70 and 71:
through the debris deposited by flo
Page 72 and 73:
McJunkin’s site uprooted the foun
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abandonment of a site with a prolon
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archaeology course, was completely
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present in the Americas before Clov
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coal seams near the site, or perhap
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I found out how wrong my professor
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temporal limit to the histories the
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linguistic groupings. Despite a bri
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there—note that the Page-Ladson s
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een open in time for an initial peo
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distinctive population. However, th
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of the interior route. While travel
Page 96 and 97:
Ancient DNA is a more precise and r
Page 98 and 99:
194,000 and 177,000 years ago, and
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oken rocks that could be mistaken f
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additional evidence consistent with
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of wildlife than credited in this h
Page 106 and 107:
intense interest in the area, the e
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Gender, in anthropology, refers to
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archaeological evidence of people l
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archaeologists classified artifacts
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Dyuktai complex microblade core fro
Page 116 and 117:
Mesa complex projectile point from
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several interpretations. The oldest
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end by applying pressure with a bon
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EVIDENCE FOR CHILD TOOLMAKERS? Thro
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hypothesized to have been made by a
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in interior Alaska are located just
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show us the kind of archaeological
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1. Who were the First Peoples of th
Page 132 and 133:
Chapter 4 Twenty years ago I took m
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formation), because the oil from yo
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other monument was carved so that i
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homelands. Over 6 million people to
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In the last 10 to 20 years, however
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probably involved two teams passing
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supervise projects and students and
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necessary). Although it had been a
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identified as belonging to a group
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This obsessive attention to sterile
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and enzyme. The tubes would now mix
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generally lost the tiniest chains o
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two hours, the machine would cycle
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sister gets into a fight with the r
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looking good. Amplification and seq
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often impossible to complete the ge
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different points in time, detect di
Page 166 and 167:
Chapter 6 All geneticists and most
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Some of populations and population
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AMHS populations inherited from oth
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Northern Siberia, 31,000 Years Ago
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uy in packs of 16 for about $4 at a
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in the 1920s, finding an encampment
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from later comparisons that the Mal
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with peat bogs and trees like spruc
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humans, not scavenging animals (13)
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ather large and geographically disp
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American dogs and present-day Arcti
Page 189 and 190:
Chapter 7 Imagine a nondescript cor
Page 191 and 192:
But Halligan told me that “people
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meaningful? Page-Ladson is incredib
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combination of luck and ingenuity.
Page 197 and 198:
archaeologists as Anzick-1 (the two
Page 200 and 201:
Peopling South America Following th
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Australasian populations had to hav
Page 204 and 205:
Other archaeologists (probably most
Page 206 and 207:
lands. We will discuss NAGPRA in ch
Page 208 and 209:
Anne Jensen, an archaeologist who l
Page 210 and 211:
of an ancient DNA laboratory 2,600
Page 212 and 213:
Small Tool tradition (in Alaska, it
Page 214 and 215:
Eske Willerslev at the Centre for G
Page 216 and 217:
complete population replacement of
Page 218 and 219:
One scenario that may explain these
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occurred as the ancestral populatio
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fine ceramics; they also crafted po
Page 224 and 225:
differences observed in the archaeo
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Chapter 9 On July 28, 1996, just 24
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ancestral to all later Native Ameri
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ones. Geneticist Eske Willerslev wa
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Chaco, and they were upset that the
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identity; the suppression of langua
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It’s important that we learn thes
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confidently do detailed population
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eveal stigmatizing information. But
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archaeology to houses with crumblin
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history. The movement out of Bering
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emphasis of the early Alaskan archa
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A memorial made of stone marks the
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A Folsom point between bison ribs
Page 252 and 253:
These Clovis points were excavated
Page 254 and 255:
An archaeologist excavates under wa
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Archaeologist Heather Smith screens
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Archaeologist Marion Coe works at t
Page 260 and 261:
Geneticist Krystal Tsosie (Diné) t
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Echo-Hawk (Pawnee), Ken Feder, Terr
Page 264 and 265:
Discover Your Next Great Read Get s
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Notes A note about citations: This
Page 268 and 269:
8. I think this requires a bit more
Page 270 and 271:
10. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the
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Critique of Anthropology 7, no. 2 (
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https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24208.
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above as well as the American Socie
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Two Rare mtDNA Haplogroups,” Curr
Page 280 and 281:
Chapter 2 1. John F. Hoffecker, Mod
Page 282 and 283:
Stafford Jr., and David L. Carlson,
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Southern Chile,” American Antiqui
Page 286 and 287:
27. Braje, Erlandson, Rick, et al.,
Page 288 and 289:
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20112
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Chapter 3 1. James E. Dixon, “Pal
Page 292 and 293:
Pleistocene Archaeology: Historical
Page 294 and 295:
Chapter 4 1. My family and our club
Page 296 and 297:
Chapter 5 1. Quoted in Charles Peti
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Chapter 6 1. References for this se
Page 300 and 301:
Exploration and Settlement of the A
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Chapter 7 1. This is an ongoing cha
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7. Pontus Skoglund, Swapan Mallick,
Page 306 and 307:
6. References for this section incl
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Spaniards talk about the Taino of t
Page 310 and 311:
Human Subjects of Research (Governm
Page 312 and 313:
30. K. G. Claw, M. Z. Anderson, R.
Page 314 and 315:
Epilogue 1. Keolu Fox and John Hawk
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Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas

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