Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas

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Mesa complex projectile point from the Mesa site. Redrawn from a 2008 Journal of Field Archaeology article by Michael Bever. Between about 13,500 and 12,800 years ago, at numerous sites in interior Alaska (6), archaeologists found quite different artifacts: no microblades, but stone tools that had been flaked on both sides (bifacially flaked), including small teardrop-shaped spearheads called Chindadn points. They designated this group of artifacts the Nenana complex. Numerous sites dated to a bit later in the Tanana and Nenana river
valleys are marked by microblades, microcores, and associated tools (burins and end scrapers). These are referred to as Denali complex sites, and they date to between approximately 12,000 and 6,000 years ago. A final group of sites in the Brooks Range, northern, and western Alaska yielded bifacially flaked oval points that tapered on each side. Like Clovis points, these resembled lance heads, and are called “lanceolate” bifaces. Archaeologists have classified sites with these Clovis-like points as belonging to the Northern Fluted, Mesa, and Sluiceway complexes (7). Stone Tool Industries of Beringia Complex Tools Dates Technological links Dyuktai Yubetsu-style wedge shaped microblade cores Denali Microblades, Campus-type wedgeshaped microblade cores, burins, end scrapers, osseous projectile points with slots for blades, lanceolateshaped bifacial points Nenana Chindadn points, no microblades (or associated artifacts), end scrapers, bifaces 14,200 years ago (Swan Point) 12,000– 6,000 years ago 13,500– 12,700 years ago Dyuktai sites in Siberia Possibly descended from Siberian Dyuktai complex, though made using a different method Chindadn points first seen in western Siberia at the Berelekh site (14,900– 13,700 years ago) and Nakita Lake (13,700 years ago), and at Little John (14,050–13,720 years ago) Mesa Bifacial lanceolate projectile points
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Copyright © 2022 by Jennifer Raff
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Contents Cover Title Page Copyright
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For Colin
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Land Acknowledgment Statement This
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Introduction For ten thousand years
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spring. It was clear to archaeologi
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dominated by the story of how Europ
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a tooth in Siberia, in layers of di
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understanding of the past, beginnin
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own creation/origin stories, I bala
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historic property, the cave was cal
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PART I
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terrific view of the Raccoon Creek
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construction has been dated to abou
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constructions made out of earth tha
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weren’t sophisticated enough to h
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obsessively detailed description of
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not the tombs of dead warriors, but
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maps designated many of these lands
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promoted by cable “history” sho
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or “mere wantonness,” but rathe
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“To me, [Heye] was a looter,” S
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World cephalic index map (1896), ad
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Another major implication of polyge
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Jackson). He published extensively
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Earnest Hooton of Harvard Universit
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underlying genetic variation in dif
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B2, C1b, C1c, C1d, C1d1, D1, D4h3a)
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everything from the notion that the
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more plausible that the Clovis peop
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Page 68 and 69: have had the opportunity to visit t
Page 70 and 71: through the debris deposited by flo
Page 72 and 73: McJunkin’s site uprooted the foun
Page 74 and 75: abandonment of a site with a prolon
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Page 78 and 79: present in the Americas before Clov
Page 80 and 81: coal seams near the site, or perhap
Page 82 and 83: I found out how wrong my professor
Page 84 and 85: temporal limit to the histories the
Page 86 and 87: linguistic groupings. Despite a bri
Page 88 and 89: there—note that the Page-Ladson s
Page 90 and 91: een open in time for an initial peo
Page 92 and 93: distinctive population. However, th
Page 94 and 95: of the interior route. While travel
Page 96 and 97: Ancient DNA is a more precise and r
Page 98 and 99: 194,000 and 177,000 years ago, and
Page 100 and 101: oken rocks that could be mistaken f
Page 102 and 103: additional evidence consistent with
Page 104 and 105: of wildlife than credited in this h
Page 106 and 107: intense interest in the area, the e
Page 108 and 109: Gender, in anthropology, refers to
Page 110 and 111: archaeological evidence of people l
Page 112 and 113: archaeologists classified artifacts
Page 114 and 115: Dyuktai complex microblade core fro
Page 118 and 119: several interpretations. The oldest
Page 120 and 121: end by applying pressure with a bon
Page 122 and 123: EVIDENCE FOR CHILD TOOLMAKERS? Thro
Page 124 and 125: hypothesized to have been made by a
Page 126 and 127: in interior Alaska are located just
Page 128 and 129: show us the kind of archaeological
Page 130 and 131: 1. Who were the First Peoples of th
Page 132 and 133: Chapter 4 Twenty years ago I took m
Page 134 and 135: formation), because the oil from yo
Page 136 and 137: other monument was carved so that i
Page 138 and 139: homelands. Over 6 million people to
Page 140 and 141: In the last 10 to 20 years, however
Page 142 and 143: probably involved two teams passing
Page 144 and 145: supervise projects and students and
Page 146 and 147: necessary). Although it had been a
Page 148 and 149: identified as belonging to a group
Page 150 and 151: This obsessive attention to sterile
Page 152 and 153: and enzyme. The tubes would now mix
Page 154 and 155: generally lost the tiniest chains o
Page 156 and 157: two hours, the machine would cycle
Page 158 and 159: sister gets into a fight with the r
Page 160 and 161: looking good. Amplification and seq
Page 162 and 163: often impossible to complete the ge
Page 164 and 165: different points in time, detect di
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Chapter 6 All geneticists and most
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Some of populations and population
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AMHS populations inherited from oth
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Northern Siberia, 31,000 Years Ago
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uy in packs of 16 for about $4 at a
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in the 1920s, finding an encampment
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from later comparisons that the Mal
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with peat bogs and trees like spruc
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humans, not scavenging animals (13)
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ather large and geographically disp
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American dogs and present-day Arcti
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Chapter 7 Imagine a nondescript cor
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But Halligan told me that “people
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meaningful? Page-Ladson is incredib
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combination of luck and ingenuity.
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archaeologists as Anzick-1 (the two
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Peopling South America Following th
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Australasian populations had to hav
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Other archaeologists (probably most
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lands. We will discuss NAGPRA in ch
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Anne Jensen, an archaeologist who l
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of an ancient DNA laboratory 2,600
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Small Tool tradition (in Alaska, it
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Eske Willerslev at the Centre for G
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complete population replacement of
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One scenario that may explain these
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occurred as the ancestral populatio
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fine ceramics; they also crafted po
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differences observed in the archaeo
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Chapter 9 On July 28, 1996, just 24
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ancestral to all later Native Ameri
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ones. Geneticist Eske Willerslev wa
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Chaco, and they were upset that the
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identity; the suppression of langua
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It’s important that we learn thes
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confidently do detailed population
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eveal stigmatizing information. But
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archaeology to houses with crumblin
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history. The movement out of Bering
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emphasis of the early Alaskan archa
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A memorial made of stone marks the
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A Folsom point between bison ribs
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These Clovis points were excavated
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An archaeologist excavates under wa
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Archaeologist Heather Smith screens
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Archaeologist Marion Coe works at t
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Geneticist Krystal Tsosie (Diné) t
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Echo-Hawk (Pawnee), Ken Feder, Terr
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Discover Your Next Great Read Get s
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Notes A note about citations: This
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8. I think this requires a bit more
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10. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the
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Critique of Anthropology 7, no. 2 (
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https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24208.
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above as well as the American Socie
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Two Rare mtDNA Haplogroups,” Curr
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Chapter 2 1. John F. Hoffecker, Mod
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Stafford Jr., and David L. Carlson,
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Southern Chile,” American Antiqui
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27. Braje, Erlandson, Rick, et al.,
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https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20112
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Chapter 3 1. James E. Dixon, “Pal
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Pleistocene Archaeology: Historical
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Chapter 4 1. My family and our club
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Chapter 5 1. Quoted in Charles Peti
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Chapter 6 1. References for this se
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Exploration and Settlement of the A
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Chapter 7 1. This is an ongoing cha
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7. Pontus Skoglund, Swapan Mallick,
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6. References for this section incl
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Spaniards talk about the Taino of t
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Human Subjects of Research (Governm
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30. K. G. Claw, M. Z. Anderson, R.
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Epilogue 1. Keolu Fox and John Hawk
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Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas

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