Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas

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archaeologists classified artifacts into types according to their physical characteristics (shape, material, method of creation). These attributes were widely believed to be at least partially reflective of the cultural identity of the people who made them. Groups of particular artifacts reliably associated with each other in a limited geographic region or period of time were organized into complexes, often used as proxies for groups or populations. Groups of particular artifact styles that persisted over great periods of time and were geographically widely dispersed (indicating a sustained cultural identity or technological approach) were referred to as traditions. Transitions between traditions have often been identified by major technological changes in the archaeological record. Archaeologists sorted artifacts into relative chronological order by categorizing artifacts and looking for associations between them and markers of age (such as stratigraphic position or co-occurrence with the remains of an animal known to have gone extinct by a certain period of time). Prior to the invention of radiometric dating techniques, archaeologists figured out approximately when people were present at a site based on the artifacts they left behind. This is how fluted projectile points became the marker for the early peoples of the Americas, as we discussed in the last chapter. Archaeologists believed that because Alaska must have been the gateway through which people must have initially entered the Americas, they would find the precursors to fluted projectile points—if not the points themselves—in layers predating Clovis at sites just north of the entrance to the ice-free corridor. Blufftops overlooking the Tanana and Nenana river valleys in this region yielded dozens of sites that archaeologists confidently dated (once radiocarbon methods were available) to the late Pleistocene. But what they found at these sites was not what they expected. Excavations of the deepest layers of sites in interior Alaska repeatedly turned up complex and diverse arrays of stone artifacts. The oldest (undisputed) evidence of humans in Alaska is currently from the Swan Point site, in the Tanana River Valley. Around the remains of ancient campfires, archaeologists have found a scattering of stone flakes, tools, and debris from processed mammoth ivory, antler, bone, and stone in layers dating to about 14,200 years ago (referred to as Cultural Zone 4b or CZ4b). The artifacts found in CZ4b seem to reflect a very brief, single event in
which a group of people lived at the site for a number of days or weeks. Archaeologists generally interpret this evidence as indicating that CZ4b was a short-use hunting camp. The tools that people manufactured at Swan Point CZ4b included a particular set of lithics: tiny microblades and the tools used in their manufacture (see “The Microblade Toolkit and How It Was Made” sidebar) (5).
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Copyright © 2022 by Jennifer Raff
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Contents Cover Title Page Copyright
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For Colin
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Land Acknowledgment Statement This
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Introduction For ten thousand years
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spring. It was clear to archaeologi
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dominated by the story of how Europ
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a tooth in Siberia, in layers of di
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understanding of the past, beginnin
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own creation/origin stories, I bala
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historic property, the cave was cal
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PART I
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terrific view of the Raccoon Creek
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construction has been dated to abou
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constructions made out of earth tha
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weren’t sophisticated enough to h
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obsessively detailed description of
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not the tombs of dead warriors, but
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maps designated many of these lands
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promoted by cable “history” sho
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or “mere wantonness,” but rathe
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“To me, [Heye] was a looter,” S
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World cephalic index map (1896), ad
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Another major implication of polyge
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Jackson). He published extensively
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Earnest Hooton of Harvard Universit
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underlying genetic variation in dif
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B2, C1b, C1c, C1d, C1d1, D1, D4h3a)
Page 62 and 63: everything from the notion that the
Page 64 and 65: more plausible that the Clovis peop
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Page 68 and 69: have had the opportunity to visit t
Page 70 and 71: through the debris deposited by flo
Page 72 and 73: McJunkin’s site uprooted the foun
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Page 78 and 79: present in the Americas before Clov
Page 80 and 81: coal seams near the site, or perhap
Page 82 and 83: I found out how wrong my professor
Page 84 and 85: temporal limit to the histories the
Page 86 and 87: linguistic groupings. Despite a bri
Page 88 and 89: there—note that the Page-Ladson s
Page 90 and 91: een open in time for an initial peo
Page 92 and 93: distinctive population. However, th
Page 94 and 95: of the interior route. While travel
Page 96 and 97: Ancient DNA is a more precise and r
Page 98 and 99: 194,000 and 177,000 years ago, and
Page 100 and 101: oken rocks that could be mistaken f
Page 102 and 103: additional evidence consistent with
Page 104 and 105: of wildlife than credited in this h
Page 106 and 107: intense interest in the area, the e
Page 108 and 109: Gender, in anthropology, refers to
Page 110 and 111: archaeological evidence of people l
Page 114 and 115: Dyuktai complex microblade core fro
Page 116 and 117: Mesa complex projectile point from
Page 118 and 119: several interpretations. The oldest
Page 120 and 121: end by applying pressure with a bon
Page 122 and 123: EVIDENCE FOR CHILD TOOLMAKERS? Thro
Page 124 and 125: hypothesized to have been made by a
Page 126 and 127: in interior Alaska are located just
Page 128 and 129: show us the kind of archaeological
Page 130 and 131: 1. Who were the First Peoples of th
Page 132 and 133: Chapter 4 Twenty years ago I took m
Page 134 and 135: formation), because the oil from yo
Page 136 and 137: other monument was carved so that i
Page 138 and 139: homelands. Over 6 million people to
Page 140 and 141: In the last 10 to 20 years, however
Page 142 and 143: probably involved two teams passing
Page 144 and 145: supervise projects and students and
Page 146 and 147: necessary). Although it had been a
Page 148 and 149: identified as belonging to a group
Page 150 and 151: This obsessive attention to sterile
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Page 154 and 155: generally lost the tiniest chains o
Page 156 and 157: two hours, the machine would cycle
Page 158 and 159: sister gets into a fight with the r
Page 160 and 161: looking good. Amplification and seq
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often impossible to complete the ge
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different points in time, detect di
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Chapter 6 All geneticists and most
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Some of populations and population
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AMHS populations inherited from oth
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Northern Siberia, 31,000 Years Ago
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uy in packs of 16 for about $4 at a
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in the 1920s, finding an encampment
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from later comparisons that the Mal
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with peat bogs and trees like spruc
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humans, not scavenging animals (13)
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ather large and geographically disp
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American dogs and present-day Arcti
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Chapter 7 Imagine a nondescript cor
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But Halligan told me that “people
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meaningful? Page-Ladson is incredib
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combination of luck and ingenuity.
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archaeologists as Anzick-1 (the two
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Peopling South America Following th
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Australasian populations had to hav
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Other archaeologists (probably most
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lands. We will discuss NAGPRA in ch
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Anne Jensen, an archaeologist who l
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of an ancient DNA laboratory 2,600
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Small Tool tradition (in Alaska, it
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Eske Willerslev at the Centre for G
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complete population replacement of
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One scenario that may explain these
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occurred as the ancestral populatio
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fine ceramics; they also crafted po
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differences observed in the archaeo
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Chapter 9 On July 28, 1996, just 24
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ancestral to all later Native Ameri
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ones. Geneticist Eske Willerslev wa
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Chaco, and they were upset that the
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identity; the suppression of langua
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It’s important that we learn thes
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confidently do detailed population
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eveal stigmatizing information. But
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archaeology to houses with crumblin
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history. The movement out of Bering
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emphasis of the early Alaskan archa
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A memorial made of stone marks the
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A Folsom point between bison ribs
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These Clovis points were excavated
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An archaeologist excavates under wa
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Archaeologist Heather Smith screens
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Archaeologist Marion Coe works at t
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Geneticist Krystal Tsosie (Diné) t
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Echo-Hawk (Pawnee), Ken Feder, Terr
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Discover Your Next Great Read Get s
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Notes A note about citations: This
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8. I think this requires a bit more
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10. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the
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Critique of Anthropology 7, no. 2 (
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https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24208.
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above as well as the American Socie
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Two Rare mtDNA Haplogroups,” Curr
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Chapter 2 1. John F. Hoffecker, Mod
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Stafford Jr., and David L. Carlson,
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Southern Chile,” American Antiqui
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27. Braje, Erlandson, Rick, et al.,
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https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20112
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Chapter 3 1. James E. Dixon, “Pal
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Pleistocene Archaeology: Historical
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Chapter 4 1. My family and our club
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Chapter 5 1. Quoted in Charles Peti
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Chapter 6 1. References for this se
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Exploration and Settlement of the A
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Chapter 7 1. This is an ongoing cha
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7. Pontus Skoglund, Swapan Mallick,
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6. References for this section incl
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Spaniards talk about the Taino of t
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Human Subjects of Research (Governm
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30. K. G. Claw, M. Z. Anderson, R.
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Epilogue 1. Keolu Fox and John Hawk
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Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas

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