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The Sacred Hoop: Recovering the Feminine in American Indian Traditions

by Paula Gunn Allen

by Paula Gunn Allen

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8. N. Scott Momaday, House Made of Dawn (New York:<br />

Harper and Row, 1968; New York: Signet, 1969). All<br />

references are to <strong>the</strong> Signet edition.<br />

9. Kill<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> alb<strong>in</strong>o was “<strong>the</strong> most natural th<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> world<br />

… <strong>The</strong>y must know that he would kill <strong>the</strong> white man aga<strong>in</strong>, if he<br />

had <strong>the</strong> chance … For he would know what <strong>the</strong> white man was,<br />

and he would kill him if he could” (p. 95). Cf. pages 76–79, <strong>in</strong><br />

which <strong>the</strong> alb<strong>in</strong>o is described <strong>in</strong> ways that allude to his<br />

snakelike qualities. Among <strong>the</strong> Pueblos, witches often transform<br />

<strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong>to snakes and are known as witches because of that<br />

ability.<br />

10. James Welch, W<strong>in</strong>ter <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Blood (New York: Harper<br />

and Row, 1979).<br />

11. William Thackery, “Cry<strong>in</strong>g for Pity <strong>in</strong> W<strong>in</strong>ter <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

Blood” MELUS, vol. 1, no. 7 (1980), pp. 61–78.<br />

12. Leslie Marmon Silko, Ceremony (New York, 1977);<br />

Gerald Vizenor, <strong>The</strong> Darkness <strong>in</strong> Sa<strong>in</strong>t Louis Bearheart (Sa<strong>in</strong>t<br />

Paul, M<strong>in</strong>n.: Truck Press, 1978).<br />

13. Paula Gunn Allen, <strong>The</strong> Woman Who Owned <strong>the</strong> Shadows<br />

(San Francisco: Sp<strong>in</strong>sters Ink, 1983).<br />

14. Based on Keres uses of <strong>the</strong> number four <strong>in</strong> its esoteric<br />

relation to women and its universal use as a sacred number<br />

among Native <strong>American</strong>s, I believe that four is a categorical<br />

symbol-statement about <strong>the</strong> primacy of female power <strong>in</strong> tribal<br />

ritual life.<br />

Someth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Sacred</strong> Go<strong>in</strong>g on Out <strong>The</strong>re: Myth<br />

and Vision <strong>in</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Indian</strong> Literature<br />

1. Random House Dictionary of <strong>the</strong> English Language,<br />

unabridged (New York: Random House, 1966).<br />

2. Walter W. Skeat, An Etymological Dictionary of <strong>the</strong><br />

English Language, 4th rev. ed. (Oxford: Oxford University

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